Bruce Langos
Insider
First SEC filing: Aug. 24, 2007 · Latest: Aug. 24, 2007
Insider at
Insider transactions
0 buys (P)
0 sells (S)
Net: $0
Price change vs current quote, split-adjusted for corporate actions since the filing — not benchmarked, not annualized, not size-weighted
| Date | Ticker | Code | Shares | Price | Value | Owned after | Δ own | A/D | vs now |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feb. 11, 2015 | TDC | F | 552 | $43.83 | $24,194 | 78,805 Direct | -0.70% | Disposed | -31.8% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 1, 2014 | TDC | A | 16,000 | · | · | 16,000 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 1, 2014 | TDC | A | 6,466 | · | · | 79,357 Direct | +8.87% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 1, 2014 | TDC | F | 1,193 | $44.43 | $53,005 | 72,891 Direct | -1.61% | Disposed | -32.7% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 11, 2014 | TDC | F | 552 | $43.30 | $23,902 | 74,084 Direct | -0.74% | Disposed | -30.9% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 3, 2013 | TDC | A | 24,661 | · | · | 24,661 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 3, 2013 | TDC | A | 4,757 | · | · | 74,636 Direct | +6.81% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 2, 2013 | TDC | F | 2,387 | $45.81 | $109,348 | 69,879 Direct | -3.30% | Disposed | -34.7% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 2, 2013 | TDC | F | 3,904 | $45.81 | $178,842 | 72,266 Direct | -5.13% | Disposed | -34.7% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 14, 2013 | TDC | F | 2,409 | $62.15 | $149,719 | 76,170 Direct | -3.07% | Disposed | -51.9% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 11, 2013 | TDC | F | 527 | $62.26 | $32,811 | 78,579 Direct | -0.67% | Disposed | -52.0% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 11, 2013 | TDC | A | 4,575 | · | · | 79,106 Direct | +6.14% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 27, 2012 | TDC | A | 3,337 | · | · | 74,531 Direct | +4.69% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 27, 2012 | TDC | A | 18,503 | · | · | 18,503 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 3, 2012 | TDC | M | 10,000 | · | · | 81,942 Direct | -10.88% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 3, 2012 | TDC | M | 5,000 | · | · | 17,839 Direct | -21.89% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 3, 2012 | TDC | M | 8,000 | · | · | 26,325 Direct | -23.31% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 3, 2012 | TDC | S | 15,000 | $72.50 | $1,087,500 | 71,194 Direct | -17.40% | Disposed | -58.7% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 3, 2012 | TDC | M | 10,000 | $13.77 | $137,700 | 86,194 Direct | +13.12% | Acquired | 117.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 3, 2012 | TDC | M | 5,000 | $27.98 | $139,900 | 76,194 Direct | +7.02% | Acquired | 6.9% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 3, 2012 | TDC | S | 8,000 | $72.50 | $580,000 | 71,194 Direct | -10.10% | Disposed | -58.7% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 3, 2012 | TDC | M | 8,000 | $24.87 | $198,960 | 79,194 Direct | +11.24% | Acquired | 20.3% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 27, 2012 | TDC | M | 10,000 | · | · | 91,942 Direct | -9.81% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 27, 2012 | TDC | S | 10,000 | $65.93 | $659,300 | 71,194 Direct | -12.32% | Disposed | -54.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 27, 2012 | TDC | M | 10,000 | $13.77 | $137,700 | 81,194 Direct | +14.05% | Acquired | 117.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 27, 2012 | TDC | S | 10,000 | $65.94 | $659,400 | 71,194 Direct | -12.32% | Disposed | -54.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 14, 2012 | TDC | M | 13,695 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 14, 2012 | TDC | M | 7,930 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 14, 2012 | TDC | F | 3,131 | $62.16 | $194,623 | 81,194 Direct | -3.71% | Disposed | -51.9% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 14, 2012 | TDC | S | 13,695 | $62.07 | $850,049 | 84,325 Direct | -13.97% | Disposed | -51.8% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 14, 2012 | TDC | M | 13,695 | $18.42 | $252,262 | 98,020 Direct | +16.24% | Acquired | 62.4% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 14, 2012 | TDC | S | 7,930 | $62.03 | $491,898 | 84,325 Direct | -8.60% | Disposed | -51.8% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 14, 2012 | TDC | M | 7,930 | $21.39 | $169,623 | 92,255 Direct | +9.40% | Acquired | 39.8% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 10, 2012 | TDC | M | 15,531 | · | · | 7,930 Direct | -66.20% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 10, 2012 | TDC | M | 9,220 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 10, 2012 | TDC | A | 9,173 | · | · | 84,325 Direct | +12.21% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 10, 2012 | TDC | S | 15,531 | $62.04 | $963,543 | 75,152 Direct | -17.13% | Disposed | -51.8% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 10, 2012 | TDC | M | 15,531 | $21.39 | $332,208 | 90,683 Direct | +20.67% | Acquired | 39.8% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 10, 2012 | TDC | S | 9,220 | $62.16 | $573,115 | 75,152 Direct | -10.93% | Disposed | -51.9% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 10, 2012 | TDC | M | 9,220 | $20.84 | $192,145 | 84,372 Direct | +12.27% | Acquired | 43.5% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 29, 2011 | TDC | A | 22,104 | · | · | 22,104 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 29, 2011 | TDC | A | 3,867 | · | · | 75,152 Direct | +5.42% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 18, 2011 | TDC | F | 3,576 | $48.29 | $172,685 | 71,285 Direct | -4.78% | Disposed | -38.1% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 14, 2011 | TDC | A | 27,298 | · | · | 74,861 Direct | +57.39% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 30, 2010 | TDC | A | 30,769 | · | · | 30,769 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 30, 2010 | TDC | A | 5,251 | · | · | 47,563 Direct | +12.41% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 10, 2010 | TDC | M | 33,980 | · | · | 101,942 Direct | -25.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 10, 2010 | TDC | S | 33,980 | $41.00 | $1,393,180 | 42,312 Direct | -44.54% | Disposed | -27.0% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 10, 2010 | TDC | M | 33,980 | $13.77 | $467,905 | 76,292 Direct | +80.31% | Acquired | 117.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | M | 13,172 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | M | 5,565 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | M | 2,782 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | M | 2,782 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | M | 5,565 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | S | 13,172 | $33.16 | $436,784 | 42,312 Direct | -23.74% | Disposed | -9.8% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | M | 13,172 | $12.21 | $160,830 | 55,484 Direct | +31.13% | Acquired | 145.0% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | S | 5,565 | $33.19 | $184,702 | 42,312 Direct | -11.62% | Disposed | -9.9% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | M | 5,565 | $7.37 | $41,014 | 45,094 Direct | +14.08% | Acquired | 305.8% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | S | 2,782 | $33.08 | $92,029 | 42,312 Direct | -6.17% | Disposed | -9.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | M | 2,782 | $5.22 | $14,522 | 45,094 Direct | +6.57% | Acquired | 473.0% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | S | 2,782 | $33.08 | $92,029 | 42,312 Direct | -6.17% | Disposed | -9.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | M | 2,782 | $6.86 | $19,085 | 45,094 Direct | +6.57% | Acquired | 336.0% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | S | 5,565 | $33.08 | $184,090 | 42,312 Direct | -11.62% | Disposed | -9.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | M | 5,565 | $11.11 | $61,827 | 47,877 Direct | +13.15% | Acquired | 169.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 19, 2010 | TDC | F | 5,398 | $28.72 | $155,031 | 42,312 Direct | -11.31% | Disposed | 4.1% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 12, 2010 | TDC | A | 17,549 | · | · | 47,710 Direct | +58.18% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 1, 2009 | TDC | A | 37,301 | · | · | 37,301 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 12, 2009 | TDC | M | 7,769 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 12, 2009 | TDC | S | 6,600 | $27.00 | $178,200 | 30,161 Direct | -17.95% | Disposed | 10.8% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 12, 2009 | TDC | M | 7,769 | $21.01 | $163,227 | 36,761 Direct | +26.80% | Acquired | 42.4% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| March 6, 2009 | TDC | F | 2,249 | $15.46 | $34,770 | 28,992 Direct | -7.20% | Disposed | 93.5% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| March 2, 2009 | TDC | F | 60 | $14.66 | $880 | 31,240 Direct | -0.19% | Disposed | 104.0% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 27, 2009 | TDC | A | 7,027 | · | · | 31,300 Direct | +28.95% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 31, 2008 | TDC | F | 1,246 | $14.83 | $18,478 | 33,635 Direct | -3.57% | Disposed | 101.7% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 5, 2008 | TDC | F | 2,779 | $13.64 | $37,906 | 34,881 Direct | -7.38% | Disposed | 119.3% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 2, 2008 | TDC | A | 135,922 | · | · | 135,922 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 2, 2008 | TDC | A | 142,857 | · | · | 142,857 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 19, 2008 | TDC | F | 1,849 | $24.79 | $45,837 | 37,660 Direct | -4.68% | Disposed | 20.7% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 19, 2008 | TDC | F | 1,976 | $24.79 | $48,985 | 37,533 Direct | -5.00% | Disposed | 20.7% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| March 10, 2008 | TDC | F | 60 | $25.98 | $1,559 | 39,509 Direct | -0.15% | Disposed | 15.1% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| March 10, 2008 | TDC | F | 64 | $25.98 | $1,663 | 39,505 Direct | -0.16% | Disposed | 15.1% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 30, 2007 | TDC | F | 4,005 | $28.26 | $113,181 | 39,569 Direct | -9.19% | Disposed | 5.8% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 24, 2007 | TDC | A | 12,337 | · | · | 43,574 Direct | +39.49% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 24, 2007 | TDC | A | 4,158 | · | · | 31,237 Direct | +15.36% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | A | 15,777 | · | · | 17,717 Direct | +813.25% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | A | 34,325 | · | · | 34,325 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | A | 13,695 | · | · | 13,695 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | A | 23,461 | · | · | 23,461 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | A | 9,220 | · | · | 9,220 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | A | 7,769 | · | · | 7,769 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | A | 13,172 | · | · | 13,172 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | A | 5,565 | · | · | 5,565 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | A | 2,782 | · | · | 2,782 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | A | 2,782 | · | · | 2,782 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | A | 5,565 | · | · | 5,565 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | A | 22,839 | · | · | 22,839 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | A | 25,139 | · | · | 27,079 Direct | +1295.82% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| March 1, 2007 | VYX | A | 18,502 | · | · | 18,502 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| March 1, 2007 | VYX | F | 132 | $46.13 | $6,089 | 20,417 Direct | -0.64% | Disposed | -75.8% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 3, 2006 | VYX | F | 645 | $39.02 | $25,168 | 20,549 Direct | -3.04% | Disposed | -71.4% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
Showing latest 100 of 105 transactions
P = Open-market purchase · S = Sale · A = Grant/award · M = Option exercise · G = Gift · F = Tax withholding
Insider transactions are not a recommendation; sales are often driven by liquidity or tax reasons.
Derivative holdings (Form 4 Table II) Options, RSUs and convertible securities reported on Form 4 Table II.
| Date | Ticker | Security | Underlying | Exercise price | Expiration | Shares | A/D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dec. 1, 2014 | TDC | Employee Stock Options (right to buy) | Common Stock | $44.43 | Dec. 1, 2024 | 16,000 | Acquired |
| Dec. 3, 2013 | TDC | Employee Stock Options (right to buy) | Common Stock | $45.35 | Dec. 3, 2023 | 24,661 | Acquired |
| Nov. 27, 2012 | TDC | Employee Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $61.55 | Nov. 27, 2022 | 18,503 | Acquired |
| Aug. 3, 2012 | TDC | Employee Stock Options | Common Stock | $13.77 | Dec. 1, 2018 | 10,000 | Disposed |
| Aug. 3, 2012 | TDC | Employee Stock Options | Common Stock | $27.98 | Sept. 30, 2017 | 5,000 | Disposed |
| Aug. 3, 2012 | TDC | Employee Stock Options | Common Stock | $24.87 | Feb. 28, 2017 | 8,000 | Disposed |
| Feb. 27, 2012 | TDC | Employee Stock Options | Common Stock | $13.77 | Dec. 1, 2018 | 10,000 | Disposed |
| Feb. 14, 2012 | TDC | Employee Stock Options | Common Stock | $18.42 | Sept. 6, 2016 | 13,695 | Disposed |
| Feb. 14, 2012 | TDC | Employee Stock Options | Common Stock | $21.39 | May 29, 2016 | 7,930 | Disposed |
| Feb. 10, 2012 | TDC | Employee Stock Options | Common Stock | $21.39 | May 29, 2016 | 15,531 | Disposed |
| Feb. 10, 2012 | TDC | Employee Stock Options | Common Stock | $20.84 | Feb. 13, 2016 | 9,220 | Disposed |
| Nov. 29, 2011 | TDC | Employee Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $50.70 | Nov. 29, 2021 | 22,104 | Acquired |
| Nov. 30, 2010 | TDC | Employee Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $41.09 | Nov. 30, 2020 | 30,769 | Acquired |
| Nov. 10, 2010 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $13.77 | Dec. 1, 2018 | 33,980 | Disposed |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $12.21 | March 1, 2014 | 13,172 | Disposed |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $7.37 | Aug. 4, 2013 | 5,565 | Disposed |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $5.22 | Feb. 3, 2013 | 2,782 | Disposed |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $6.86 | July 29, 2012 | 2,782 | Disposed |
| June 14, 2010 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $11.11 | Jan. 24, 2012 | 5,565 | Disposed |
| Dec. 1, 2009 | TDC | Employee Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $30.68 | Dec. 1, 2019 | 37,301 | Acquired |
| Aug. 12, 2009 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $21.01 | March 1, 2015 | 7,769 | Disposed |
| Dec. 2, 2008 | TDC | Employee Stock Option (right to buy) [F1] | Common Stock | $13.77 | Dec. 2, 2018 | 135,922 | Acquired |
| Dec. 2, 2008 | TDC | Employee Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $13.77 | Dec. 2, 2018 | 142,857 | Acquired |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $24.87 | March 1, 2017 | 34,325 | Acquired |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $18.42 | Sept. 6, 2016 | 13,695 | Acquired |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $21.39 | May 29, 2016 | 23,461 | Acquired |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $20.84 | Feb. 13, 2016 | 9,220 | Acquired |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $21.01 | March 1, 2015 | 7,769 | Acquired |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $12.21 | March 1, 2014 | 13,172 | Acquired |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $7.37 | Aug. 4, 2013 | 5,565 | Acquired |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $5.22 | Feb. 3, 2013 | 2,782 | Acquired |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $6.86 | July 29, 2012 | 2,782 | Acquired |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $11.11 | Jan. 24, 2012 | 5,565 | Acquired |
| Oct. 1, 2007 | TDC | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $27.98 | Oct. 1, 2017 | 22,839 | Acquired |
| March 1, 2007 | VYX | Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $46.13 | March 1, 2017 | 18,502 | Acquired |
| Sept. 6, 2006 | VYX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $34.16 | Sept. 5, 2016 | 7,382 | Acquired |
| Sept. 6, 2006 | VYX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common stock | $34.16 | Sept. 5, 2016 | 1,175 | Acquired |
| May 29, 2006 | VYX | Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $39.67 | May 28, 2016 | 12,646 | Acquired |
Exercise/conversion price is blank when not applicable (e.g. RSUs).
Initial ownership (Form 3) 9 holdings
Securities held when first becoming an insider, per SEC Form 3.
| Date | Ticker | Security | Shares | Ownership |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aug. 24, 2007 | TDC | No Securities Beneficially Owned | 0 | Direct |
| May 31, 2006 | VYX | Common Stock | 13,203 | Direct |
| May 31, 2006 | VYX | Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) | 3,000 | Direct |
| May 31, 2006 | VYX | Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) | 1,500 | Direct |
| May 31, 2006 | VYX | Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) | 1,500 | Direct |
| May 31, 2006 | VYX | Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) | 3,000 | Direct |
| May 31, 2006 | VYX | Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) | 7,100 | Direct |
| May 31, 2006 | VYX | Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) | 4,188 | Direct |
| May 31, 2006 | VYX | Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) | 4,970 | Direct |
Compensation (DEF 14A)
Matched by name from proxy statements (DEF 14A) — verify against the filing.
| Fiscal year | Salary | Bonus | Stock awards | Option awards | Non-equity incentive | Pension change | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | $360,000 | $121,500 | · | · | · | · | $13,142 | $1,242,916 |
| 2007 | $337,851 | · | · | · | $362,268 | · | $29,994 | $1,333,017 |
Figures from the Summary Compensation Table of the company's proxy statement (DEF 14A). Compensation is not a recommendation.