James A Lawrence
First SEC filing: Feb. 17, 2004 · Latest: March 18, 2026
Insider at
Insider transactions
Price change vs current quote, split-adjusted for corporate actions since the filing — not benchmarked, not annualized, not size-weighted
| Date | Ticker | Code | Shares | Price | Value | Owned after | Δ own | A/D | vs now |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aug. 29, 2024 | AVT | S | 3,642 | $54.83 | $199,691 | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | 95.0% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 2, 2024 | AVT | A | 3,642 | · | · | 3,642 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Nov. 24, 2023 | AVT | S | 8,190 | $47.30 | $387,387 | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | 126.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Nov. 21, 2023 | AVT | S | 6,910 | $47.68 | $329,469 | 8,190 Direct | -45.76% | Disposed | 124.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 11, 2023 | AVT | S | 72,851 | $41.69 | $3,037,158 | 15,100 Direct | -82.83% | Disposed | 156.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 3, 2023 | AVT | A | 4,334 | · | · | 87,951 Direct | +5.18% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Sept. 2, 2022 | AVT | D | 138,205 | $42.83 | $5,919,320 | 84,379 Direct | -62.09% | Disposed | 149.7% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Sept. 2, 2022 | AVT | D | 138,967 | $42.83 | $5,951,957 | 83,617 Direct | -62.43% | Disposed | 149.7% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 3, 2022 | AVT | A | 3,856 | · | · | 222,584 Direct | +1.76% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 4, 2021 | AVT | A | 4,535 | · | · | 218,728 Direct | +2.12% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 2, 2020 | AVT | A | 3,758 | · | · | 214,193 Direct | +1.79% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 5, 2019 | AVT | S | 13,109 | $41.07 | $538,387 | 231,055 Direct | -5.37% | Disposed | 160.4% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 5, 2019 | AVT | S | 13,109 | $41.07 | $538,387 | 210,435 Direct | -5.86% | Disposed | 160.4% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 4, 2019 | AVT | S | 26,891 | $40.59 | $1,091,506 | 223,544 Direct | -10.74% | Disposed | 163.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 3, 2019 | AVT | S | 237,000 | $39.44 | $9,347,280 | 250,435 Direct | -48.62% | Disposed | 171.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 3, 2019 | AVT | G | 12,565 | · | · | 487,435 Direct | -2.51% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 9, 2019 | AVT | S | 20,620 | $45.20 | $932,024 | 0 Indirect | -100.00% | Disposed | 136.6% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 2, 2019 | AVT | S | 95,772 | $46.90 | $4,491,707 | 520,620 Direct | -15.54% | Disposed | 128.0% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 1, 2019 | AVT | S | 91,723 | $48.09 | $4,410,959 | 616,392 Direct | -12.95% | Disposed | 122.4% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 2, 2019 | AVT | A | 4,481 | · | · | 708,115 Direct | +0.64% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 2, 2018 | AVT | A | 3,634 | · | · | 703,634 Direct | +0.52% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2017 | AER | J | 3,394 | · | · | 3,394 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Aug. 9, 2017 | AER | P | 46,720 | $49.69 | $2,321,517 | 100,000 Direct | +87.69% | Acquired | 190.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Aug. 7, 2017 | AER | P | 53,280 | $49.91 | $2,659,205 | 53,280 Direct | · | Acquired | 189.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 2, 2017 | AVT | P | 3,451 | $37.05 | $127,860 | 700,000 Direct | +0.50% | Acquired | 188.6% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 1, 2017 | AVT | P | 280,000 | $37.17 | $10,407,600 | 696,549 Direct | +67.22% | Acquired | 187.7% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 31, 2017 | AVT | P | 125,000 | $36.59 | $4,573,750 | 416,549 Direct | +42.87% | Acquired | 192.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 3, 2017 | AVT | A | 3,050 | · | · | 291,549 Direct | +1.06% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 4, 2016 | AVT | A | 3,451 | · | · | 288,499 Direct | +1.21% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Sept. 10, 2015 | AVT | P | 46,700 | $42.60 | $1,989,420 | 285,048 Direct | +19.59% | Acquired | 151.0% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 2, 2015 | AVT | A | 3,021 | · | · | 238,348 Direct | +1.28% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Aug. 11, 2014 | AVT | P | 191,000 | $41.43 | $7,913,130 | 235,327 Direct | +430.89% | Acquired | 158.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 2, 2014 | AVT | A | 3,003 | · | · | 44,327 Direct | +7.27% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 12, 2013 | AVT | M | 2,300 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 12, 2013 | AVT | M | 500 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 12, 2013 | AVT | M | 525 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 12, 2013 | AVT | M | 2,300 | $18.03 | $41,469 | 41,324 Direct | +5.89% | Acquired | 493.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 12, 2013 | AVT | M | 500 | $21.67 | $10,835 | 39,024 Direct | +1.30% | Acquired | 393.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 12, 2013 | AVT | M | 525 | $21.25 | $11,156 | 38,524 Direct | +1.38% | Acquired | 403.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 2, 2013 | AVT | A | 3,801 | · | · | 37,999 Direct | +11.11% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 3, 2012 | AVT | A | 3,818 | · | · | 34,198 Direct | +12.57% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 17, 2011 | AVT | P | 28,000 | $35.99 | $1,007,720 | 30,380 Direct | +1176.47% | Acquired | 197.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 12, 2011 | AVT | A | 2,380 | · | · | 2,380 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 2, 2008 | AVT | A | 3,464 | · | · | 30,106 Direct | +13.00% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 25, 2007 | GIS | A | 143,000 | · | · | 143,000 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 25, 2007 | GIS | A | 11,700 | · | · | 157,279 Direct | +8.04% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 25, 2007 | GIS | A | 6,502 | · | · | 145,579 Direct | +4.68% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 2,300 | $18.03 | $41,469 | 2,300 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | 493.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 1,500 | $21.67 | $32,505 | 500 Direct | -75.00% | Disposed | 393.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 1,575 | $21.25 | $33,469 | 525 Direct | -75.00% | Disposed | 403.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 4,600 | $9.60 | $44,160 | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | 1013.9% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 1,950 | $23.55 | $45,922 | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | 354.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 2,000 | $24.50 | $49,000 | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | 336.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 2,000 | $27.63 | $55,260 | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | 287.0% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 2,000 | $22.50 | $45,000 | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | 375.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | F | 1,169 | $35.49 | $41,488 | 26,642 Direct | -4.20% | Disposed | 201.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 2,300 | $18.03 | $41,469 | 27,811 Direct | +9.02% | Acquired | 493.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | F | 916 | $35.49 | $32,509 | 25,511 Direct | -3.47% | Disposed | 201.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 1,500 | $21.67 | $32,505 | 26,427 Direct | +6.02% | Acquired | 393.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | F | 943 | $35.49 | $33,467 | 24,927 Direct | -3.65% | Disposed | 201.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 1,575 | $21.25 | $33,469 | 25,870 Direct | +6.48% | Acquired | 403.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | F | 1,244 | $35.49 | $44,150 | 24,295 Direct | -4.87% | Disposed | 201.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 4,600 | $9.60 | $44,160 | 25,539 Direct | +21.97% | Acquired | 1013.9% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | F | 1,294 | $35.49 | $45,924 | 20,939 Direct | -5.82% | Disposed | 201.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 1,950 | $23.55 | $45,922 | 22,233 Direct | +9.61% | Acquired | 354.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | F | 1,381 | $35.49 | $49,012 | 20,283 Direct | -6.37% | Disposed | 201.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 2,000 | $24.50 | $49,000 | 21,664 Direct | +10.17% | Acquired | 336.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | F | 1,557 | $35.49 | $55,258 | 19,664 Direct | -7.34% | Disposed | 201.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 2,000 | $27.63 | $55,260 | 21,221 Direct | +10.41% | Acquired | 287.0% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | F | 1,028 | $35.49 | $36,484 | 19,221 Direct | -5.08% | Disposed | 201.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | M | 2,000 | $22.50 | $45,000 | 20,249 Direct | +10.96% | Acquired | 375.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 2, 2007 | AVT | A | 2,937 | · | · | 18,249 Direct | +19.18% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 26, 2006 | GIS | A | 137,500 | · | · | 137,500 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 26, 2006 | GIS | A | 18 | · | · | 137,624 Direct | +0.01% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 26, 2006 | GIS | A | 16,681 | · | · | 0 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 1, 2006 | GIS | A | 25,000 | · | · | 120,925 Direct | +26.06% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 3, 2006 | AVT | A | 3,142 | · | · | 15,312 Direct | +25.82% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 27, 2005 | GIS | A | 26 | · | · | 94,499 Direct | +0.03% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 27, 2005 | GIS | A | 3,075 | · | · | 0 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 3, 2005 | TRV | A | 337 | $37.07 | $12,493 | 3,700 Direct | +10.02% | Acquired | 872.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 3, 2005 | AVT | A | 1,104 | · | · | 12,170 Direct | +9.98% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 13, 2004 | GIS | A | 8,594 | · | · | 90,846 Direct | +10.45% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 13, 2004 | GIS | A | 103,125 | · | · | 103,125 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Nov. 11, 2004 | AVT | A | 4,600 | · | · | 4,600 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Oct. 1, 2004 | TRV | A | 378 | $33.06 | $12,497 | 3,351 Direct | +12.71% | Acquired | 990.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Sept. 7, 2004 | TRV | P | 1,600 | $34.32 | $54,912 | 2,937 Direct | +119.67% | Acquired | 950.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Sept. 1, 2004 | TRV | S | 1,600 | $34.51 | $55,216 | 1,337 Direct | -54.48% | Disposed | 944.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| July 28, 2004 | TRV | A | 1,337 | $37.40 | $50,004 | 2,937 Direct | +83.56% | Acquired | 863.6% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| July 28, 2004 | TRV | A | 3,889 | · | · | 3,889 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 28, 2004 | GIS | A | 3,145 | · | · | 81,630 Direct | +4.01% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 1, 2004 | TRV | A | 313 | $39.97 | $12,511 | 1,043 Direct | +42.88% | Acquired | 801.6% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 25, 2004 | TRV | A | 24 | $42.37 | $1,017 | 1,140 Direct | +2.15% | Acquired | 750.6% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 3, 2004 | TRV | A | 154 | $43.14 | $6,644 | 117 Direct | · | Acquired | 735.4% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 2, 2004 | TRV | A | 47 | $42.88 | $2,015 | 963 Direct | +5.13% | Acquired | 740.4% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 28, 2004 | TRV | A | 25 | $40.56 | $1,014 | 917 Direct | +2.80% | Acquired | 788.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 21, 2004 | TRV | A | 24 | $42.25 | $1,014 | 892 Direct | +2.76% | Acquired | 753.0% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 16, 2004 | TRV | A | 6 | $42.53 | $255 | 868 Direct | +0.70% | Acquired | 747.4% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 2, 2004 | AVT | A | 931 | · | · | 11,066 Direct | +9.19% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 15, 2003 | GIS | A | 117,188 | · | · | 117,188 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 15, 2003 | GIS | A | 9,766 | · | · | 77,968 Direct | +14.32% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
Showing latest 100 of 114 transactions
P = Open-market purchase · S = Sale · A = Grant/award · M = Option exercise · G = Gift · F = Tax withholding
Insider transactions are not a recommendation; sales are often driven by liquidity or tax reasons.
Derivative holdings (Form 4 Table II) Options, RSUs and convertible securities reported on Form 4 Table II.
| Date | Ticker | Security | Underlying | Exercise price | Expiration | Shares | A/D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dec. 31, 2017 | AER | Restrictred Stock Units | Ordinary Shares | · | · | 3,394 | Acquired |
| Feb. 12, 2013 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | Common | $18.03 | July 15, 2013 | 2,300 | Disposed |
| Feb. 12, 2013 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | Common | $21.67 | July 15, 2013 | 500 | Disposed |
| Feb. 12, 2013 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | Common | $21.25 | July 15, 2013 | 525 | Disposed |
| June 25, 2007 | GIS | Non-Qualified Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $58.79 | July 25, 2017 | 143,000 | Acquired |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $18.03 | Nov. 10, 2014 | 2,300 | Disposed |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $21.67 | Nov. 6, 2013 | 1,500 | Disposed |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $21.25 | Nov. 5, 2013 | 1,575 | Disposed |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $9.60 | Nov. 6, 2012 | 4,600 | Disposed |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $23.55 | Nov. 28, 2011 | 1,950 | Disposed |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $24.50 | Nov. 19, 2010 | 2,000 | Disposed |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $27.63 | Nov. 21, 2009 | 2,000 | Disposed |
| Feb. 27, 2007 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $22.50 | Jan. 28, 2009 | 2,000 | Disposed |
| June 26, 2006 | GIS | OPTION TO BUY | COMMON STOCK | $51.26 | July 26, 2016 | 137,500 | Acquired |
| Dec. 13, 2004 | GIS | OPTION TO BUY | COMMON STOCK | $46.97 | Jan. 13, 2015 | 103,125 | Acquired |
| Nov. 11, 2004 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $18.03 | Nov. 10, 2014 | 4,600 | Acquired |
| July 28, 2004 | TRV | Stock Options (right to buy) | Common Stock | $37.40 | July 28, 2014 | 3,889 | Acquired |
| June 1, 2004 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 313 | Acquired |
| Feb. 25, 2004 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 24 | Acquired |
| Feb. 3, 2004 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 154 | Acquired |
| Feb. 2, 2004 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 47 | Acquired |
| Jan. 28, 2004 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 25 | Acquired |
| Jan. 21, 2004 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 24 | Acquired |
| Jan. 16, 2004 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 6 | Acquired |
| Dec. 15, 2003 | GIS | OPTION TO BUY | COMMON STOCK | $46.10 | Jan. 15, 2014 | 117,188 | Acquired |
| Dec. 11, 2003 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 26 | Acquired |
| Nov. 16, 2003 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock [F1] | Common Stock | · | · | 27 | Acquired |
| Nov. 14, 2003 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock [F1] | Common Stock | · | · | 27 | Acquired |
| Nov. 7, 2003 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $21.67 | Nov. 6, 2013 | 2,000 | Acquired |
| Nov. 6, 2003 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $21.25 | Nov. 5, 2013 | 2,100 | Acquired |
| Nov. 4, 2003 | TRV | Stock Options (right to buy) | Common Stock | · | Nov. 3, 2013 | 6,000 | Acquired |
| Nov. 4, 2003 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 170 | Acquired |
| Nov. 3, 2003 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 51 | Acquired |
| Oct. 29, 2003 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 28 | Acquired |
| Oct. 17, 2003 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 4 | Acquired |
| Aug. 5, 2003 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock [F1] | Common Stock | · | · | 192 | Acquired |
| Aug. 4, 2003 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock [F1] | Common Stock | · | · | 57 | Acquired |
| July 28, 2003 | TRV | Deferred Compensation Phantom Stock [F1] | Common Stock | $0.00 | Aug. 8, 1998 | 28 | Acquired |
Exercise/conversion price is blank when not applicable (e.g. RSUs).
Initial ownership (Form 3) 9 holdings
Securities held when first becoming an insider, per SEC Form 3.
| Date | Ticker | Security | Shares | Ownership |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| March 18, 2026 | AER | Ordinary Shares | 15,945 | Direct |
| March 18, 2026 | AER | Restricted Stock Units | 20,000 | Direct |
| March 18, 2026 | AER | Restricted Stock Units | 1,420 | Direct |
| Aug. 24, 2011 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | 525 | Direct |
| Aug. 24, 2011 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | 500 | Direct |
| Aug. 24, 2011 | AVT | Director Stock Option (right to buy) | 2,300 | Direct |
| May 13, 2011 | AVT | Common Stock | 0 | Direct |
| Jan. 15, 2004 | AAPL | Stock Option | 10,000 | Direct |
| Jan. 15, 2004 | AAPL | Stock Option | 10,000 | Direct |
Compensation (DEF 14A)
Matched by name from proxy statements (DEF 14A) — verify against the filing.
| Fiscal year | Salary | Bonus | Stock awards | Option awards | Non-equity incentive | Pension change | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | $660,000 | · | $1,070,096 | $1,455,740 | $980,100 | $395,889 | $184,203 | $4,746,028 |
| 2005 | $556,431 | $518,817 | $559,286 | · | · | · | $31,389 | · |
| 2004 | $530,375 | $480,652 | · | · | · | · | $36,775 | · |
Figures from the Summary Compensation Table of the company's proxy statement (DEF 14A). Compensation is not a recommendation.