James V Napier

Insider

First SEC filing: Nov. 16, 2007 · Latest: Feb. 8, 2011

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Insider at Companies where this person is a reporting insider.
Insider transactions Every share this person bought or sold, from Form 4 filings.
Derivatives Options and other derivative holdings reported by this person.
Initial holdings The stakes this person held when they first started reporting.

Insider at

Insider transactions

0 buys (P) 0 sells (S) Net: $0 + 90 non-open-market transactions below last 12 months, based on the transactions shown below

Price change vs current quote, split-adjusted for corporate actions since the filing — not benchmarked, not annualized, not size-weighted

90 other filings hidden

Date	Ticker	Code	Shares	Price	Value	Owned after	Δ own	A/D	vs now
May 3, 2011	WAB	M	4,000	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 3, 2011	WAB	M	2,000	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 3, 2011	WAB	M	2,000	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 3, 2011	WAB	M	2,000	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 3, 2011	WAB	S	10,000	$70.67	$706,700	18,917 Direct	-34.58%	Disposed	735.3% (price as of 2026-08-21)
May 3, 2011	WAB	M	4,000	$21.14	$84,560	28,917 Direct	+16.05%	Acquired	2692.5% (price as of 2026-08-21)
May 3, 2011	WAB	M	2,000	$17.17	$34,340	24,917 Direct	+8.73%	Acquired	3338.1% (price as of 2026-08-21)
May 3, 2011	WAB	M	2,000	$13.98	$27,960	22,917 Direct	+9.56%	Acquired	4122.7% (price as of 2026-08-21)
May 3, 2011	WAB	M	2,000	$12.24	$24,480	20,917 Direct	+10.57%	Acquired	4723.0% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 24, 2011	VMC	G	750	$40.51	$30,382	7,334 Direct	-9.28%	Disposed	574.4% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 24, 2011	VMC	G	150	$42.02	$6,303	8,084 Direct	-1.82%	Disposed	550.2% (price as of 2026-08-21)
June 1, 2010	VMC	A	1,803	—	—	7,464 Direct	+31.85%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 13, 2010	WAB	A	1,017	—	—	1,017 Direct	—	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 13, 2010	WAB	A	1,017	—	—	19,517 Direct	+5.50%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Dec. 15, 2009	VMC	A	458	$49.08	$22,479	11,264 Direct	+4.24%	Acquired	456.7% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Nov. 3, 2009	WAB	M	5,000	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Nov. 3, 2009	WAB	S	5,000	$38.45	$192,250	18,500 Direct	-21.28%	Disposed	1435.3% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Nov. 3, 2009	WAB	M	5,000	$9.54	$47,700	23,500 Direct	+27.03%	Acquired	6087.9% (price as of 2026-08-21)
June 16, 2009	VMC	A	286	$44.13	$12,621	10,696 Direct	+2.75%	Acquired	519.1% (price as of 2026-08-21)
May 14, 2009	WAB	A	1,500	—	—	18,500 Direct	+8.82%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 14, 2009	WAB	A	1,500	—	—	18,500 Direct	+8.82%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 8, 2009	VMC	A	1,930	—	—	5,514 Direct	+53.85%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
April 28, 2009	WAB	M	5,000	$22.38	$111,900	22,000 Direct	+29.41%	Acquired	2537.8% (price as of 2026-08-21)
April 28, 2009	WAB	M	5,000	$12.75	$63,750	27,000 Direct	+22.73%	Acquired	4530.0% (price as of 2026-08-21)
April 28, 2009	WAB	S	10,000	$36.23	$362,300	17,000 Direct	-37.04%	Disposed	1529.4% (price as of 2026-08-21)
April 28, 2009	WAB	M	5,000	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
April 28, 2009	WAB	M	5,000	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
April 28, 2009	VMC	A	16	$47.92	$767	10,295 Direct	+0.16%	Acquired	470.1% (price as of 2026-08-21)
March 27, 2009	VMC	A	19	$39.51	$751	10,279 Direct	+0.19%	Acquired	591.5% (price as of 2026-08-21)
March 24, 2009	VMC	A	19	$39.33	$747	10,260 Direct	+0.19%	Acquired	594.7% (price as of 2026-08-21)
March 9, 2009	VMC	A	18	$42.76	$770	10,123 Direct	+0.18%	Acquired	538.9% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 20, 2009	VMC	A	15	$48.90	$734	10,105 Direct	+0.15%	Acquired	458.7% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 13, 2009	VMC	A	187	$51.38	$9,608	10,090 Direct	+1.89%	Acquired	431.7% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 12, 2009	VMC	A	29	$51.79	$1,502	9,902 Direct	+0.29%	Acquired	427.5% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 9, 2009	VMC	G	100	$49.29	$4,929	7,450 Direct	-1.32%	Disposed	454.3% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 6, 2009	VMC	A	14	$54.12	$758	9,873 Direct	+0.14%	Acquired	404.8% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 21, 2009	VMC	A	12	$63.82	$766	9,860 Direct	+0.12%	Acquired	328.1% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 7, 2009	VMC	G	300	$68.41	$20,523	7,550 Direct	-3.82%	Disposed	299.4% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 6, 2009	VMC	G	200	$68.38	$13,676	7,850 Direct	-2.48%	Disposed	299.5% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 2, 2009	WAB	A	4,000	—	—	4,000 Direct	—	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Dec. 12, 2008	VMC	A	167	$57.60	$9,619	9,848 Direct	+1.73%	Acquired	374.3% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Nov. 11, 2008	VMC	A	14	$52.94	$741	9,597 Direct	+0.15%	Acquired	416.1% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Oct. 11, 2008	VMC	A	114	$71.06	$8,101	9,583 Direct	+1.20%	Acquired	284.5% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Oct. 11, 2008	VMC	A	114	$71.06	$8,101	9,583 Direct	+1.20%	Acquired	284.5% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Oct. 10, 2008	VMC	A	35	$72.09	$2,523	9,469 Direct	+0.37%	Acquired	279.0% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Oct. 10, 2008	VMC	A	35	$72.09	$2,523	9,469 Direct	+0.37%	Acquired	279.0% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Oct. 9, 2008	VMC	A	41	$72.96	$2,991	9,434 Direct	+0.44%	Acquired	274.5% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Oct. 9, 2008	VMC	A	41	$72.96	$2,991	9,434 Direct	+0.44%	Acquired	274.5% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Aug. 27, 2008	VMC	S	1,945	$74.40	$144,708	8,050 Direct	-19.46%	Disposed	267.2% (price as of 2026-08-21)
July 29, 2008	VMC	A	13	$58.34	$758	9,331 Direct	+0.14%	Acquired	368.3% (price as of 2026-08-21)
July 23, 2008	MCK	A	2,549	—	—	2,549 Direct	—	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
July 11, 2008	VMC	A	156	$61.66	$9,619	9,318 Direct	+1.70%	Acquired	343.1% (price as of 2026-08-21)
June 2, 2008	VMC	A	1,400	—	—	3,464 Direct	+67.83%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 14, 2008	WAB	A	1,500	—	—	17,000 Direct	+9.68%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 9, 2008	VMC	A	69	$68.46	$4,724	9,103 Direct	+0.76%	Acquired	299.1% (price as of 2026-08-21)
May 8, 2008	VMC	A	22	$68.73	$1,512	9,033 Direct	+0.24%	Acquired	297.5% (price as of 2026-08-21)
April 28, 2008	VMC	A	11	$69.63	$766	9,011 Direct	+0.12%	Acquired	292.4% (price as of 2026-08-21)
April 24, 2008	VMC	A	11	$69.57	$765	9,001 Direct	+0.12%	Acquired	292.7% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 25, 2008	VMC	A	11	$70.92	$780	8,927 Direct	+0.12%	Acquired	285.2% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 13, 2008	VMC	A	11	$71.14	$783	8,916 Direct	+0.12%	Acquired	284.0% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 8, 2008	VMC	A	146	$71.00	$10,366	8,906 Direct	+1.67%	Acquired	284.8% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 7, 2008	VMC	A	21	$71.12	$1,494	8,759 Direct	+0.24%	Acquired	284.2% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 2, 2008	WAB	A	4,000	—	—	4,000 Direct	—	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
July 25, 2007	MCK	A	2,551	—	—	2,551 Direct	-50.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 16, 2007	WAB	A	1,500	—	—	18,600 Direct	+8.77%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
March 13, 2007	MCK	G	840	—	—	16,160 Direct	-4.94%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 12, 2007	MCK	M	14,800	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 12, 2007	MCK	S	14,800	$55.41	$820,068	17,000 Direct	-46.54%	Disposed	1446.2% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 12, 2007	MCK	M	14,800	$38.13	$564,324	31,800 Direct	+87.06%	Acquired	2146.9% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 3, 2007	WAB	A	4,000	—	—	4,000 Direct	—	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
July 26, 2006	MCK	A	2,500	—	—	2,500 Direct	—	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 17, 2006	WAB	A	1,500	$36.73	$55,095	18,300 Direct	+8.93%	Acquired	1507.2% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 13, 2006	MCK	G	1,000	—	—	17,000 Direct	-5.56%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 1, 2006	MCK	M	14,800	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 1, 2006	MCK	S	14,800	$53.75	$795,500	18,000 Direct	-45.12%	Disposed	1494.0% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 1, 2006	MCK	M	14,800	$43.88	$649,424	32,800 Direct	+82.22%	Acquired	1852.5% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 3, 2006	WAB	A	4,000	—	—	4,000 Direct	—	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Nov. 2, 2005	WAB	C	5,000	$14.00	$70,000	25,000 Direct	-16.67%	Disposed	4116.6% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Nov. 2, 2005	WAB	S	5,000	$26.59	$132,950	16,800 Direct	-22.94%	Disposed	2120.1% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Nov. 2, 2005	WAB	P	5,000	$14.00	$70,000	21,800 Direct	+29.76%	Acquired	4116.6% (price as of 2026-08-21)
July 27, 2005	MCK	A	2,500	—	—	2,500 Direct	—	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
July 1, 2005	MCK	A	140	—	—	2,561 Direct	+5.78%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 18, 2005	WAB	A	1,500	$20.53	$30,795	16,800 Direct	+9.80%	Acquired	2775.5% (price as of 2026-08-21)
April 1, 2005	MCK	A	133	—	—	2,417 Direct	+5.82%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 1, 2005	MCK	M	14,800	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 1, 2005	MCK	S	14,800	$34.49	$510,452	18,000 Direct	-45.12%	Disposed	2384.1% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Feb. 1, 2005	MCK	M	14,800	$15.08	$223,184	32,800 Direct	+82.22%	Acquired	5581.4% (price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 6, 2005	WAB	G	1,200	—	—	15,300 Direct	-7.27%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 3, 2005	WAB	A	4,000	—	—	26,000 Direct	+18.18%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 3, 2005	WAB	A	4,000	—	—	28,000 Direct	+16.67%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 3, 2005	MCK	A	159	—	—	2,281 Direct	+7.49%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Sept. 30, 2004	MCK	A	195	—	—	2,118 Direct	+10.14%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
June 30, 2004	MCK	A	146	—	—	1,915 Direct	+8.25%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 19, 2004	WAB	A	1,500	$16.36	$24,540	16,500 Direct	+10.00%	Acquired	3508.4% (price as of 2026-08-21)
May 6, 2004	MCK	M	14,800	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-21)
May 6, 2004	MCK	S	14,800	$33.05	$489,140	18,000 Direct	-45.12%	Disposed	2492.3% (price as of 2026-08-21)
May 6, 2004	MCK	M	14,800	$9.08	$134,384	32,800 Direct	+82.22%	Acquired	9335.7% (price as of 2026-08-21)
April 1, 2004	MCK	A	167	—	—	1,769 Direct	+10.42%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 28, 2004	MCK	A	7,500	—	—	7,500 Direct	—	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)
Jan. 2, 2004	MCK	A	156	—	—	1,599 Direct	+10.81%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-21)

Showing latest 100 of 101 transactions

P = Open-market purchase · S = Sale · A = Grant/award · M = Option exercise · G = Gift · F = Tax withholding

Insider transactions are not a recommendation; sales are often driven by liquidity or tax reasons.

Derivative holdings (Form 4 Table II)

Options, RSUs and convertible securities reported on Form 4 Table II.

Date	Ticker	Security	Underlying	Exercise price	Expiration	Shares	A/D
May 3, 2011	WAB	Non-Qualified Stock Option	Common Stock (4,000)	$21.14	Jan. 3, 2015	4,000	Disposed
May 3, 2011	WAB	Non-Qualified Stock Option	Common Stock (2,000)	$17.17	Jan. 2, 2014	2,000	Disposed
May 3, 2011	WAB	Non-Qualified Stock Option	Common Stock (2,000)	$13.98	Jan. 2, 2013	2,000	Disposed
May 3, 2011	WAB	Non-Qualified Stock Option	Common Stock (2,000)	$12.24	Jan. 2, 2012	2,000	Disposed
June 1, 2010	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Stock Units)	Common Stock (1,803)	—	—	1,803	Acquired
May 13, 2010	WAB	Phantom Stock [F3]	Common Stock (1,017)	—	—	1,017	Acquired
Dec. 15, 2009	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (458)	—	—	458	Acquired
Nov. 3, 2009	WAB	Non-Qualified Stock Option	Common Stock (5,000)	$9.54	Dec. 5, 2010	5,000	Disposed
June 16, 2009	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (286)	—	—	286	Acquired
May 8, 2009	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Stock Units)	Common Stock (1,930)	—	—	1,930	Acquired
April 28, 2009	WAB	Non-Qualified Stock Option	Common Stock (5,000)	$22.38	May 20, 2009	5,000	Disposed
April 28, 2009	WAB	Non-Qualified Stock Option	Common Stock (5,000)	$12.75	Jan. 25, 2010	5,000	Disposed
April 28, 2009	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (16)	—	—	16	Acquired
March 27, 2009	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (19)	—	—	19	Acquired
March 24, 2009	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (19)	—	—	19	Acquired
March 9, 2009	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (18)	—	—	18	Acquired
Feb. 20, 2009	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (15)	—	—	15	Acquired
Feb. 13, 2009	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (187)	—	—	187	Acquired
Feb. 12, 2009	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (29)	—	—	29	Acquired
Feb. 6, 2009	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (14)	—	—	14	Acquired
Jan. 21, 2009	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (12)	—	—	12	Acquired
Jan. 2, 2009	WAB	Non-Qualified Stock Options	Common Stock (4,000)	$39.72	Jan. 2, 2019	4,000	Acquired
Dec. 12, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (167)	—	—	167	Acquired
Nov. 11, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (14)	—	—	14	Acquired
Oct. 11, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (114)	—	—	114	Acquired
Oct. 11, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (114)	—	—	114	Acquired
Oct. 10, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (35)	—	—	35	Acquired
Oct. 10, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (35)	—	—	35	Acquired
Oct. 9, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (41)	—	—	41	Acquired
Oct. 9, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (41)	—	—	41	Acquired
July 29, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (13)	—	—	13	Acquired
July 23, 2008	MCK	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (2,549)	$0.00	—	2,549	Acquired
July 11, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (156)	—	—	156	Acquired
June 2, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Stock Units)	Common Stock (1,400)	—	—	1,400	Acquired
May 9, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (69)	—	—	69	Acquired
May 8, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (22)	—	—	22	Acquired
April 28, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (11)	—	—	11	Acquired
April 24, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (11)	—	—	11	Acquired
Feb. 25, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (11)	—	—	11	Acquired
Feb. 13, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (11)	—	—	11	Acquired
Feb. 8, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (146)	—	—	146	Acquired
Feb. 7, 2008	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)	Common Stock (21)	—	—	21	Acquired
Jan. 2, 2008	WAB	Non-Qualified Stock Options	Common Stock (4,000)	$33.92	Jan. 2, 2018	4,000	Acquired
July 25, 2007	MCK	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (2,551)	$0.00	—	2,551	Disposed
Feb. 12, 2007	MCK	Director stock option (Right-to-buy)	Common Stock (14,800)	$38.13	May 13, 2007	14,800	Disposed
Jan. 3, 2007	WAB	Non-Qualified Stock Option	Common Stock (4,000)	$30.29	Jan. 3, 2017	4,000	Acquired
July 26, 2006	MCK	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (2,500)	$0.00	—	2,500	Acquired
Feb. 1, 2006	MCK	Employee Stock Option (Right-to-Buy)	Common Stock (14,800)	$43.88	May 14, 2006	14,800	Disposed
Jan. 3, 2006	WAB	Non-Qualified Stock Option	Common Stock (4,000)	$26.66	Jan. 3, 2016	4,000	Acquired
Nov. 2, 2005	WAB	Non-Qualified Stock Options	Common Stock (5,000)	$14.00	Nov. 2, 2005	5,000	Disposed
July 27, 2005	MCK	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (2,500)	$0.00	—	2,500	Acquired
July 1, 2005	MCK	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (140)	$0.00	—	140	Acquired
April 1, 2005	MCK	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (133)	$0.00	—	133	Acquired
Feb. 1, 2005	MCK	Director's Stock Option (Right-to-Buy)	Common Stock (14,800)	$15.08	May 2, 2005	14,800	Disposed
Jan. 3, 2005	WAB	Non-qualified Stock Option	Common Stock (4,000)	$21.14	Jan. 2, 2015	4,000	Acquired
Jan. 3, 2005	WAB	Non-Qualified Stock Option	Common Stock (4,000)	$21.14	Jan. 2, 2005	4,000	Acquired
Jan. 3, 2005	MCK	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (159)	$0.00	—	159	Acquired
Sept. 30, 2004	MCK	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (15)	$0.00	—	195	Acquired
June 30, 2004	MCK	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (146)	$0.00	—	146	Acquired
May 6, 2004	MCK	Director's Stock Option (Right to Buy)	Common Stock (14,800)	$9.08	May 10, 2004	14,800	Disposed
April 1, 2004	MCK	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (167)	$0.00	—	167	Acquired
Jan. 28, 2004	MCK	Director's Stock Option (Right to Buy)	Common Stock (7,500)	$29.00	Jan. 28, 2014	7,500	Acquired
Jan. 2, 2004	MCK	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (156)	$0.00	—	156	Acquired
Jan. 2, 2004	WAB	Non-Qualified Stock Option	Common Stock (2,000)	$17.17	Jan. 2, 2014	2,000	Acquired

Exercise/conversion price is blank when not applicable (e.g. RSUs).

Initial ownership (Form 3) 4 holdings

Securities held when first becoming an insider, per SEC Form 3.

Date	Ticker	Security	Shares	Ownership
Nov. 16, 2007	VMC	Common Stock	12,778	Direct
Nov. 16, 2007	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Compensation)→ Common Stock (8,691)	8,691	Direct
Nov. 16, 2007	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Stock Units)→ Common Stock (1,032)	1,032	Direct
Nov. 16, 2007	VMC	Phantom Stock (Deferred Stock Units)→ Common Stock (1,006)	1,006	Direct