Mark A. Crosswhite

Insider

First SEC filing: July 6, 2022 · Latest: July 6, 2022

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Insider at Companies where this person is a reporting insider.
Insider transactions Every share this person bought or sold, from Form 4 filings.
Derivatives Options and other derivative holdings reported by this person.
Initial holdings The stakes this person held when they first started reporting.
Compensation Executive pay disclosed in company proxy statements.

Insider at

Insider transactions

0 buys (P) 0 sells (S) Net: $0 + 92 non-open-market transactions below last 12 months, based on the transactions shown below

Price change vs current quote, split-adjusted for corporate actions since the filing — not benchmarked, not annualized, not size-weighted

92 other filings hidden

Date	Ticker	Code	Shares	Price	Value	Owned after	Δ own	A/D	vs now
July 15, 2026	RF	A	993	$31.48	$31,260	23,281 Direct	+4.46%	Acquired	-3.1% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Oct. 15, 2025	RF	A	1,263	$24.74	$31,247	19,484 Direct	+6.93%	Acquired	23.2% (price as of 2026-08-20)
July 15, 2025	RF	A	1,300	$24.03	$31,239	18,038 Direct	+7.77%	Acquired	26.9% (price as of 2026-08-20)
April 21, 2025	RF	A	7,595	—	—	22,488 Direct	+51.00%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
April 15, 2025	RF	A	1,608	$19.43	$31,243	16,567 Direct	+10.75%	Acquired	56.9% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Jan. 15, 2025	RF	A	1,265	$24.70	$31,246	14,787 Direct	+9.36%	Acquired	23.4% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Oct. 15, 2024	RF	A	1,315	$23.76	$31,244	13,378 Direct	+10.90%	Acquired	28.3% (price as of 2026-08-20)
July 15, 2024	RF	A	1,488	$21.00	$31,248	11,930 Direct	+14.25%	Acquired	45.2% (price as of 2026-08-20)
April 22, 2024	RF	A	6,777	—	—	14,238 Direct	+90.83%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
April 15, 2024	RF	A	1,626	$19.22	$31,252	10,318 Direct	+18.71%	Acquired	58.6% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Jan. 12, 2024	RF	A	1,710	$18.28	$31,259	8,592 Direct	+24.85%	Acquired	66.8% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Oct. 13, 2023	RF	A	1,949	$16.03	$31,242	6,798 Direct	+40.19%	Acquired	90.2% (price as of 2026-08-20)
July 14, 2023	RF	A	1,649	$18.95	$31,249	4,779 Direct	+52.68%	Acquired	60.9% (price as of 2026-08-20)
April 24, 2023	RF	A	7,103	—	—	7,103 Direct	—	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
April 19, 2023	RF	M	5,864	—	—	6,344 Direct	+1221.67%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
April 19, 2023	RF	M	5,864	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
April 14, 2023	RF	A	1,688	$18.51	$31,245	3,096 Direct	+119.89%	Acquired	64.7% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Jan. 13, 2023	RF	A	1,393	$22.43	$31,245	1,393 Direct	—	Acquired	35.9% (price as of 2026-08-20)
July 1, 2022	RF	A	5,693	—	—	5,693 Direct	—	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 13, 2022	SOMN	M	4,084	—	—	8,168 Direct	-33.33%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 13, 2022	SOMN	F	32,665	$66.79	$2,181,695	194,118 Direct	-14.40%	Disposed	-25.9% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 13, 2022	SOMN	A	73,651	—	—	226,783 Direct	+48.10%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 13, 2022	SOMN	F	1,888	$66.79	$126,100	153,132 Direct	-1.22%	Disposed	-25.9% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 13, 2022	SOMN	M	4,255	—	—	155,020 Direct	+2.82%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2022	SOMN	M	3,436	—	—	3,437 Direct	-49.99%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2022	SOMN	M	4,636	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2022	SOMN	F	1,657	$66.79	$110,671	150,765 Direct	-1.09%	Disposed	-25.9% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2022	SOMN	M	3,734	—	—	152,422 Direct	+2.51%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2022	SOMN	F	2,360	$66.79	$157,624	148,688 Direct	-1.56%	Disposed	-25.9% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2022	SOMN	M	5,260	—	—	151,048 Direct	+3.61%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 27, 2021	SOMN	M	5,107	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 27, 2021	SOMN	F	2,591	$56.72	$146,962	145,753 Direct	-1.75%	Disposed	-12.7% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 27, 2021	SOMN	M	5,842	—	—	148,344 Direct	+4.10%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 12, 2021	SOMN	F	32,405	$60.10	$1,947,540	142,502 Direct	-18.53%	Disposed	-17.6% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 12, 2021	SOMN	A	73,064	—	—	174,907 Direct	+71.74%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2021	SOMN	M	4,636	—	—	4,636 Direct	-50.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2021	SOMN	F	2,241	$61.29	$137,351	101,843 Direct	-2.15%	Disposed	-19.2% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2021	SOMN	M	5,050	—	—	104,084 Direct	+5.10%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 3, 2021	SOMN	M	3,437	—	—	6,873 Direct	-33.34%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 3, 2021	SOMN	F	1,650	$59.45	$98,092	99,034 Direct	-1.64%	Disposed	-16.7% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 3, 2021	SOMN	M	3,585	—	—	100,684 Direct	+3.69%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 27, 2020	SOMN	M	5,107	—	—	5,107 Direct	-50.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 27, 2020	SOMN	F	2,462	$62.88	$154,811	97,099 Direct	-2.47%	Disposed	-21.3% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 27, 2020	SOMN	M	5,550	—	—	99,561 Direct	+5.90%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 13, 2020	SOMN	M	4,330	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 13, 2020	SOMN	F	2,209	$69.54	$153,614	94,011 Direct	-2.30%	Disposed	-28.8% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 13, 2020	SOMN	M	4,978	—	—	96,220 Direct	+5.46%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2020	SOMN	M	4,637	—	—	9,272 Direct	-33.34%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2020	SOMN	F	2,148	$68.59	$147,331	91,242 Direct	-2.30%	Disposed	-27.8% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2020	SOMN	M	4,843	—	—	93,390 Direct	+5.47%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2020	SOMN	F	20,678	$68.59	$1,418,304	88,547 Direct	-18.93%	Disposed	-27.8% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2020	SOMN	A	46,623	—	—	109,225 Direct	+74.48%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
June 10, 2019	SOMN	M	83,636	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
June 10, 2019	SOMN	M	120,681	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
June 10, 2019	SOMN	M	63,125	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
June 10, 2019	SOMN	S 10b5-1	83,636	$54.42	$4,551,471	62,602 Direct	-57.19%	Disposed	-9.0% (price as of 2026-08-20)
June 10, 2019	SOMN	M	83,636	$41.28	$3,452,494	146,238 Direct	+133.60%	Acquired	19.9% (price as of 2026-08-20)
June 10, 2019	SOMN	S 10b5-1	120,681	$54.42	$6,567,460	62,602 Direct	-65.84%	Disposed	-9.0% (price as of 2026-08-20)
June 10, 2019	SOMN	M	120,681	$44.06	$5,317,205	183,283 Direct	+192.77%	Acquired	12.4% (price as of 2026-08-20)
June 10, 2019	SOMN	S 10b5-1	63,125	$54.42	$3,435,262	62,602 Direct	-50.21%	Disposed	-9.0% (price as of 2026-08-20)
June 10, 2019	SOMN	M	63,125	$44.42	$2,804,012	125,727 Direct	+100.84%	Acquired	11.5% (price as of 2026-08-20)
June 7, 2019	SOMN	G	100	—	—	100 Indirect	—	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 13, 2019	SOMN	M	4,330	—	—	4,330 Direct	-50.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 13, 2019	SOMN	F	2,116	$49.22	$104,150	62,602 Direct	-3.27%	Disposed	0.6% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 13, 2019	SOMN	M	4,768	—	—	64,718 Direct	+7.95%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2019	SOMN	M	5,107	—	—	10,214 Direct	-33.33%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2019	SOMN	F	19,111	$49.24	$941,026	59,950 Direct	-24.17%	Disposed	0.6% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2019	SOMN	A	43,087	—	—	79,061 Direct	+119.77%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2019	SOMN	F	2,354	$49.24	$115,911	35,974 Direct	-6.14%	Disposed	0.6% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 11, 2019	SOMN	M	5,315	—	—	38,328 Direct	+16.10%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
March 9, 2018	SOMN	A	4,270	$43.67	$186,471	9,057 Direct	+89.20%	Acquired	13.4% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 12, 2018	SOMN	M	4,330	—	—	8,660 Direct	-33.33%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 12, 2018	SOMN	F	15,224	$44.68	$680,208	33,013 Direct	-31.56%	Disposed	10.8% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 12, 2018	SOMN	A	40,361	—	—	48,237 Direct	+512.46%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 12, 2018	SOMN	F	1,362	$44.68	$60,854	7,876 Direct	-14.74%	Disposed	10.8% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 12, 2018	SOMN	M	4,528	—	—	9,238 Direct	+96.14%	Acquired	(price as of 2026-08-20)
July 28, 2016	SOMN	M	167,273	—	—	83,636 Direct	-66.67%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
July 28, 2016	SOMN	S	167,273	$53.30	$8,915,651	4,710 Direct	-97.26%	Disposed	-7.1% (price as of 2026-08-20)
July 28, 2016	SOMN	M	167,273	$41.28	$6,905,029	171,983 Direct	+3551.44%	Acquired	19.9% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 4, 2016	SOMN	M	63,926	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 4, 2016	SOMN	S	63,926	$47.90	$3,062,055	4,710 Direct	-93.14%	Disposed	3.4% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 4, 2016	SOMN	M	63,926	$37.97	$2,427,270	68,636 Direct	+1357.24%	Acquired	30.4% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Jan. 13, 2016	SOMN	F	1,274	$46.80	$59,623	4,710 Direct	-21.29%	Disposed	5.8% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Jan. 13, 2016	SOMN	A	3,654	$46.80	$171,007	5,984 Direct	+156.82%	Acquired	5.8% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 18, 2015	SOMN	M	25,702	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 18, 2015	SOMN	M	42,242	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 18, 2015	SOMN	S	25,702	$45.89	$1,179,465	2,330 Direct	-91.69%	Disposed	7.9% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 18, 2015	SOMN	M	25,702	$31.17	$801,131	28,032 Direct	+1103.09%	Acquired	58.9% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 18, 2015	SOMN	S	42,242	$45.89	$1,938,485	2,330 Direct	-94.77%	Disposed	7.9% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Feb. 18, 2015	SOMN	M	42,242	$31.39	$1,325,976	44,572 Direct	+1812.96%	Acquired	57.7% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Jan. 12, 2015	SOMN	F	403	$49.71	$20,033	2,330 Direct	-14.75%	Disposed	-0.4% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Jan. 12, 2015	SOMN	A	1,070	$49.71	$53,190	2,733 Direct	+64.34%	Acquired	-0.4% (price as of 2026-08-20)
May 1, 2014	SOMN	M	22,460	—	—	0 Direct	-100.00%	Disposed	(price as of 2026-08-20)
May 1, 2014	SOMN	S	22,460	$45.15	$1,014,069	1,663 Direct	-93.11%	Disposed	9.7% (price as of 2026-08-20)
May 1, 2014	SOMN	M	22,460	$35.78	$803,619	24,123 Direct	+1350.57%	Acquired	38.4% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Jan. 13, 2014	SOMN	F	965	$41.27	$39,826	1,663 Direct	-36.72%	Disposed	20.0% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Jan. 13, 2014	SOMN	A	2,598	$41.27	$107,219	2,628 Direct	+8660.00%	Acquired	20.0% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Nov. 4, 2013	SOMN	I	7,214	$41.19	$297,145	9,850 Indirect	+273.67%	Acquired	20.2% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Nov. 1, 2013	SOMN	A	3,975	$41.02	$163,054	3,975 Direct	—	Acquired	20.7% (price as of 2026-08-20)
Nov. 1, 2013	SOMN	I	213	$40.99	$8,731	2,635 Indirect	+8.79%	Acquired	20.8% (price as of 2026-08-20)

Showing latest 100 of 123 transactions

P = Open-market purchase · S = Sale · A = Grant/award · M = Option exercise · G = Gift · F = Tax withholding

Insider transactions are not a recommendation; sales are often driven by liquidity or tax reasons.

Derivative holdings (Form 4 Table II)

Options, RSUs and convertible securities reported on Form 4 Table II.

Date	Ticker	Security	Underlying	Exercise price	Expiration	Shares	A/D
July 15, 2026	RF	Phantom Stock	Common Stock (993)	—	—	993	Acquired
Oct. 15, 2025	RF	Phantom Stock	Common Stock (1,263)	—	—	1,263	Acquired
July 15, 2025	RF	Phantom Stock	Common Stock (1,300)	—	—	1,300	Acquired
April 21, 2025	RF	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (7,595)	—	—	7,595	Acquired
April 15, 2025	RF	Phantom Stock	Common Stock (1,608)	—	—	1,608	Acquired
Jan. 15, 2025	RF	Phantom Stock	Common Stock (1,265)	—	—	1,265	Acquired
Oct. 15, 2024	RF	Phantom Stock	Common Stock (1,315)	—	—	1,315	Acquired
July 15, 2024	RF	Phantom Stock	Common Stock (1,488)	—	—	1,488	Acquired
April 22, 2024	RF	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (6,777)	—	—	6,777	Acquired
April 15, 2024	RF	Phantom Stock	Common Stock (1,626)	—	—	1,626	Acquired
Jan. 12, 2024	RF	Phantom Stock	Common Stock (1,710)	—	—	1,710	Acquired
Oct. 13, 2023	RF	Phantom Stock	Common Stock (1,949)	—	—	1,949	Acquired
July 14, 2023	RF	Phantom Stock	Common Stock (1,649)	—	—	1,649	Acquired
April 24, 2023	RF	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (7,103)	—	—	7,103	Acquired
April 19, 2023	RF	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (5,864)	—	—	5,864	Disposed
April 14, 2023	RF	Phantom Stock	Common Stock (1,688)	—	—	1,688	Acquired
Jan. 13, 2023	RF	Phantom Stock	Common Stock (1,393)	—	—	1,393	Acquired
July 1, 2022	RF	Restricted Stock Units	Common Stock (5,693)	—	—	5,693	Acquired
Feb. 13, 2022	SOMN	Performance Restricted Stock Units [F4]	Southern Company Common Stock (4,084)	$0.00	—	4,084	Disposed
Feb. 11, 2022	SOMN	Performance Restricted Stock Units [F5]	Southern Company Common Stock (3,436)	$0.00	—	3,436	Disposed
Feb. 11, 2022	SOMN	Performance Restricted Stock Units [F4]	Southern Company Common Stock (4,636)	$0.00	—	4,636	Disposed
Feb. 27, 2021	SOMN	Performance Restricted Stock Units [F3]	Southern Company Common Stock (5,107)	$0.00	—	5,107	Disposed
Feb. 11, 2021	SOMN	Performance Restricted Stock Units [F3]	Southern Company Common Stock (4,636)	$0.00	—	4,636	Disposed
Feb. 3, 2021	SOMN	Performance Restricted Stock Units [F3]	Southern Company Common Stock (3,437)	$0.00	—	3,437	Disposed
Feb. 27, 2020	SOMN	Performance Restricted Stock Units [F3]	Southern Company Common Stock (5,107)	$0.00	—	5,107	Disposed
Feb. 13, 2020	SOMN	Performance Restricted Stock Units [F3]	Southern Company Common Stock (4,330)	$0.00	—	4,330	Disposed
Feb. 11, 2020	SOMN	Performance Restricted Stock Units [F4]	Southern Company Common Stock (4,637)	$0.00	—	4,637	Disposed
June 10, 2019	SOMN	Option Right to Buy [F2]	Southern Company Common Stock (83,636)	$41.28	Feb. 10, 2024	83,636	Disposed
June 10, 2019	SOMN	Option Right to Buy [F2]	Southern Company Common Stock (120,681)	$44.06	Feb. 11, 2023	120,681	Disposed
June 10, 2019	SOMN	Option Right to Buy [F2]	Southern Company Common Stock (63,125)	$44.42	Feb. 13, 2022	63,125	Disposed
Feb. 13, 2019	SOMN	Performance Restricted Stock Units [F3]	Southern Company Common Stock (4,330)	$0.00	—	4,330	Disposed
Feb. 11, 2019	SOMN	Performance Restricted Stock Units [F4]	Southern Company Common Stock (5,107)	$0.00	—	5,107	Disposed
March 9, 2018	SOMN	Phantom Stock Units	Southern Company Common Stock (4,270)	—	—	4,270	Acquired
Feb. 12, 2018	SOMN	Performance Restricted Stock Units [F4]	Southern Company Common Stock (4,330)	$0.00	—	4,330	Disposed
July 28, 2016	SOMN	Option Right to Buy [F2,F3]	Southern Company Common Stock (167,273)	$41.28	Feb. 10, 2024	167,273	Disposed
Feb. 4, 2016	SOMN	Option Right to Buy [F2,F3]	Southern Company Common Stock (63,926)	$37.97	Feb. 14, 2021	63,926	Disposed
Feb. 18, 2015	SOMN	Option Right To Buy [F1,F2]	Southern Company Common Stock (25,702)	$31.17	Feb. 15, 2020	25,702	Disposed
Feb. 18, 2015	SOMN	Option Right to Buy [F1,F2]	Southern Company Common Stock (42,242)	$31.39	Feb. 16, 2019	42,242	Disposed
May 1, 2014	SOMN	Option Right to Buy [F1,F2]	Southern Company Common Stock (22,460)	$35.78	Feb. 18, 2018	22,460	Disposed
Nov. 1, 2013	SOMN	Phantom Stock Units	Southern Company Common Stock (3,975)	$0.00	—	3,975	Acquired
March 4, 2013	SOMN	Option Right to Buy	Southern Company Common Stock (22,578)	$36.42	Feb. 19, 2017	22,578	Disposed
March 4, 2013	SOMN	Option Right to Buy	Southern Company Common Stock (16,497)	$33.81	Feb. 20, 2016	16,497	Disposed
March 4, 2013	SOMN	Option Right to Buy [F1,F2]	Southern Company Common Stock (22,578)	$36.42	Feb. 19, 2017	22,578	Disposed
March 4, 2013	SOMN	Option Right to Buy [F1,F2]	Southern Company Common Stock (16,497)	$33.81	Feb. 20, 2016	16,497	Disposed
Feb. 11, 2013	SOMN	Option Right to Buy	Southern Company Common Stock (120,681)	$44.06	Feb. 11, 2023	120,681	Acquired
April 26, 2012	SOMN	Option Right to Buy [F1,F2]	Southern Company Common Stock (17,660)	$32.70	Feb. 18, 2015	17,660	Disposed
Feb. 13, 2012	SOMN	Option Right to Buy	Southern Company Common Stock (63,125)	$44.42	Feb. 13, 2022	63,125	Acquired
May 20, 2011	SOMN	Option Right To Buy [F1,F2]	Southern Company Common Stock (12,852)	$31.17	Feb. 15, 2020	12,852	Disposed

Exercise/conversion price is blank when not applicable (e.g. RSUs).

Initial ownership (Form 3) 9 holdings

Securities held when first becoming an insider, per SEC Form 3.

Date	Ticker	Security	Shares	Ownership
July 6, 2022	RF	Common Stock	480	Direct
Jan. 4, 2011	SOMN	Southern Company Common Stock	30	Direct
Jan. 4, 2011	SOMN	Southern Company Common Stock	1,611	Indirect
Jan. 4, 2011	SOMN	Option Right to Buy→ Southern Company Common Stock	—	Direct
Jan. 4, 2011	SOMN	Option Right to Buy→ Southern Company Common Stock	—	Direct
Jan. 4, 2011	SOMN	Option Right to Buy→ Southern Company Common Stock	—	Direct
Jan. 4, 2011	SOMN	Option Right to Buy→ Southern Company Common Stock	—	Direct
Jan. 4, 2011	SOMN	Option Right to Buy→ Southern Company Common Stock	—	Direct
Jan. 4, 2011	SOMN	Option Right To Buy→ Southern Company Common Stock	—	Direct

Compensation (DEF 14A)

Matched by name from proxy statements (DEF 14A) — verify against the filing.

SOMN

President and CEO, Alabama Power

Fiscal year	Salary	Bonus	Stock awards	Option awards	Non-equity incentive	Pension change	Other	Total
2022	$915,576	—	$2,729,845	—	$1,254,713	$3,539,758	$61,680	$8,501,572
2021	$878,425	—	$2,584,436	—	$1,261,454	$477,695	$65,580	$5,267,590
2017	$758,588	—	—	—	$996,588	$3,932,877	$46,466	$5,261,468

Figures from the Summary Compensation Table of the company's proxy statement (DEF 14A). Compensation is not a recommendation.