Matthew M Koder
Insider
First SEC filing: Oct. 29, 2021 · Latest: Oct. 29, 2021
Insider at
Insider transactions
0 buys (P)
0 sells (S)
Net: $0
Price change vs current quote, split-adjusted for corporate actions since the filing — not benchmarked, not annualized, not size-weighted
| Date | Ticker | Code | Shares | Price | Value | Owned after | Δ own | A/D | vs now |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | M | 20,400 | · | · | 61,203 Direct | -25.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | M | 20,401 | · | · | 61,203 Direct | -25.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | M | 30,600 | · | · | 61,200 Direct | -33.33% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | M | 70,340 | · | · | 70,340 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | M | 22,433 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | M | 45,194 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | M | 25,000 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | D | 20,400 | $46.96 | $957,984 | 794,825 Direct | -2.50% | Disposed | 14.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | M | 20,400 | · | · | 815,225 Direct | +2.57% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | F | 2,452 | $46.96 | $115,146 | 794,825 Direct | -0.31% | Disposed | 14.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | M | 20,401 | · | · | 797,277 Direct | +2.63% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | F | 4,249 | $46.96 | $199,533 | 776,876 Direct | -0.54% | Disposed | 14.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | M | 30,600 | · | · | 781,125 Direct | +4.08% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | F | 10,181 | $46.96 | $478,100 | 750,525 Direct | -1.34% | Disposed | 14.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | M | 70,340 | · | · | 760,706 Direct | +10.19% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | F | 2,944 | $46.96 | $138,250 | 690,366 Direct | -0.42% | Disposed | 14.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | M | 22,433 | · | · | 693,310 Direct | +3.34% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | F | 5,930 | $46.96 | $278,473 | 670,877 Direct | -0.88% | Disposed | 14.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | M | 45,194 | · | · | 676,807 Direct | +7.16% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | F | 3,281 | $46.96 | $154,076 | 631,613 Direct | -0.52% | Disposed | 14.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | M | 25,000 | · | · | 634,894 Direct | +4.10% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 14, 2025 | BAC | A | 71,032 | · | · | 71,032 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 14, 2025 | BAC | A | 71,032 | · | · | 71,032 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 14, 2025 | BAC | A | 142,064 | · | · | 142,064 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Aug. 15, 2024 | BAC | M | 22,433 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Aug. 15, 2024 | BAC | F | 2,954 | $39.03 | $115,295 | 609,894 Direct | -0.48% | Disposed | 37.7% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Aug. 15, 2024 | BAC | M | 22,433 | · | · | 612,848 Direct | +3.80% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| July 24, 2024 | BAC | M | 50,000 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| July 24, 2024 | BAC | D | 50,000 | $42.19 | $2,109,500 | 590,415 Direct | -7.81% | Disposed | 27.4% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| July 24, 2024 | BAC | M | 50,000 | · | · | 640,415 Direct | +8.47% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 1, 2024 | BAC | M | 50,000 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 1, 2024 | BAC | F | 7,237 | $39.99 | $289,408 | 590,415 Direct | -1.21% | Disposed | 34.4% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 1, 2024 | BAC | M | 50,000 | · | · | 597,652 Direct | +9.13% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | M | 30,599 | · | · | 91,800 Direct | -25.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | M | 70,340 | · | · | 140,680 Direct | -33.33% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | M | 22,433 | · | · | 22,433 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | M | 45,194 | · | · | 45,194 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | M | 25,000 | · | · | 25,000 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | F | 4,897 | $34.07 | $166,841 | 547,652 Direct | -0.89% | Disposed | 57.8% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | M | 30,599 | · | · | 552,549 Direct | +5.86% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | F | 11,203 | $34.07 | $381,686 | 521,950 Direct | -2.10% | Disposed | 57.8% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | M | 70,340 | · | · | 533,153 Direct | +15.20% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | F | 3,023 | $34.07 | $102,994 | 462,813 Direct | -0.65% | Disposed | 57.8% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | M | 22,433 | · | · | 465,836 Direct | +5.06% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | F | 6,089 | $34.07 | $207,452 | 443,403 Direct | -1.35% | Disposed | 57.8% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | M | 45,194 | · | · | 449,492 Direct | +11.18% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | F | 3,368 | $34.07 | $114,748 | 404,298 Direct | -0.83% | Disposed | 57.8% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | M | 25,000 | · | · | 407,666 Direct | +6.53% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | A | 81,603 | · | · | 81,603 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | A | 81,604 | · | · | 81,604 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | A | 163,207 | · | · | 163,207 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Aug. 15, 2023 | BAC | M | 22,433 | · | · | 22,433 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Aug. 15, 2023 | BAC | F | 2,739 | $29.94 | $82,006 | 382,666 Direct | -0.71% | Disposed | 79.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Aug. 15, 2023 | BAC | M | 22,433 | · | · | 385,405 Direct | +6.18% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| July 24, 2023 | BAC | M | 50,000 | · | · | 50,000 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| July 24, 2023 | BAC | D | 50,000 | $32.65 | $1,632,500 | 362,972 Direct | -12.11% | Disposed | 64.6% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| July 24, 2023 | BAC | M | 50,000 | · | · | 412,972 Direct | +13.78% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 1, 2023 | BAC | M | 50,000 | · | · | 50,000 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 1, 2023 | BAC | F | 6,831 | $27.78 | $189,765 | 362,972 Direct | -1.85% | Disposed | 93.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 1, 2023 | BAC | M | 50,000 | · | · | 369,803 Direct | +15.63% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| April 1, 2023 | BAC | M | 143,885 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| April 1, 2023 | BAC | D | 143,885 | $28.60 | $4,115,111 | 319,803 Direct | -31.03% | Disposed | 87.9% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| April 1, 2023 | BAC | M | 143,885 | · | · | 463,688 Direct | +44.99% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 23, 2023 | BAC | S | 105,054 | $34.27 | $3,600,201 | 319,803 Direct | -24.73% | Disposed | 56.8% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | M | 70,339 | · | · | 211,020 Direct | -25.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | M | 22,433 | · | · | 44,866 Direct | -33.33% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | M | 45,194 | · | · | 90,388 Direct | -33.33% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | M | 98,153 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | F | 9,657 | $35.56 | $343,403 | 424,857 Direct | -2.22% | Disposed | 51.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | M | 70,339 | · | · | 434,514 Direct | +19.31% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | F | 2,516 | $35.56 | $89,469 | 364,175 Direct | -0.69% | Disposed | 51.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | M | 22,433 | · | · | 366,691 Direct | +6.52% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | F | 5,069 | $35.56 | $180,254 | 344,258 Direct | -1.45% | Disposed | 51.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | M | 45,194 | · | · | 349,327 Direct | +14.86% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | F | 8,767 | $35.56 | $311,755 | 304,133 Direct | -2.80% | Disposed | 51.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | M | 98,153 | · | · | 312,900 Direct | +45.71% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | A | 122,399 | · | · | 122,399 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | A | 122,399 | · | · | 122,399 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 2, 2023 | BAC | S | 214,745 | $35.91 | $7,711,493 | 214,747 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | 49.7% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 25, 2023 | BAC | M | 75,000 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 25, 2023 | BAC | F | 9,710 | $34.87 | $338,588 | 429,492 Direct | -2.21% | Disposed | 54.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Jan. 25, 2023 | BAC | M | 75,000 | · | · | 439,202 Direct | +20.59% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Aug. 15, 2022 | BAC | M | 22,433 | · | · | 44,866 Direct | -33.33% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Aug. 15, 2022 | BAC | F | 2,323 | $36.25 | $84,209 | 364,202 Direct | -0.63% | Disposed | 48.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Aug. 15, 2022 | BAC | M | 22,433 | · | · | 366,525 Direct | +6.52% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 1, 2022 | BAC | M | 50,000 | · | · | 100,000 Direct | -33.33% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 1, 2022 | BAC | F | 6,045 | $36.67 | $221,670 | 344,092 Direct | -1.73% | Disposed | 46.6% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| June 1, 2022 | BAC | M | 50,000 | · | · | 350,137 Direct | +16.66% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | M | 22,433 | · | · | 67,299 Direct | -25.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | M | 45,194 | · | · | 135,582 Direct | -25.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | M | 98,153 | · | · | 98,153 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | M | 93,851 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | F | 2,051 | $47.79 | $98,017 | 300,137 Direct | -0.68% | Disposed | 12.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | M | 22,433 | · | · | 302,188 Direct | +8.02% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | F | 4,132 | $47.79 | $197,468 | 279,755 Direct | -1.46% | Disposed | 12.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | M | 45,194 | · | · | 283,887 Direct | +18.93% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | F | 6,706 | $47.79 | $320,480 | 238,693 Direct | -2.73% | Disposed | 12.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | M | 98,153 | · | · | 245,399 Direct | +66.66% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | F | 11,727 | $47.79 | $560,433 | 147,246 Direct | -7.38% | Disposed | 12.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | M | 93,851 | · | · | 158,973 Direct | +144.12% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
Showing latest 100 of 104 transactions
P = Open-market purchase · S = Sale · A = Grant/award · M = Option exercise · G = Gift · F = Tax withholding
Insider transactions are not a recommendation; sales are often driven by liquidity or tax reasons.
Derivative holdings (Form 4 Table II) Options, RSUs and convertible securities reported on Form 4 Table II.
| Date | Ticker | Security | Underlying | Exercise price | Expiration | Shares | A/D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | 2024 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2028 | 20,400 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | 2024 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2028 | 20,401 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | 2023 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2027 | 30,600 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | 2022 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2026 | 70,340 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | 2021 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2025 | 22,433 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | 2021 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2025 | 45,194 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2025 | BAC | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2025 | 25,000 | Disposed |
| Feb. 14, 2025 | BAC | 2025 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2029 | 71,032 | Acquired |
| Feb. 14, 2025 | BAC | 2025 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2029 | 71,032 | Acquired |
| Feb. 14, 2025 | BAC | 2025 Performance Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 142,064 | Acquired |
| Aug. 15, 2024 | BAC | 2021 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Aug. 15, 2024 | 22,433 | Disposed |
| July 24, 2024 | BAC | Phantom Stock Units | Common Stock | · | July 24, 2024 | 50,000 | Disposed |
| June 1, 2024 | BAC | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | June 1, 2024 | 50,000 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | 2023 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2027 | 30,599 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | 2022 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2026 | 70,340 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | 2021 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2025 | 22,433 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | 2021 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2025 | 45,194 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2025 | 25,000 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | 2024 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2028 | 81,603 | Acquired |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | 2024 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2028 | 81,604 | Acquired |
| Feb. 15, 2024 | BAC | 2024 Performance Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 163,207 | Acquired |
| Aug. 15, 2023 | BAC | 2021 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Aug. 15, 2024 | 22,433 | Disposed |
| July 24, 2023 | BAC | Phantom Stock Units | Common Stock | · | July 24, 2024 | 50,000 | Disposed |
| June 1, 2023 | BAC | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | June 1, 2024 | 50,000 | Disposed |
| April 1, 2023 | BAC | Phantom Stock Units | Common Stock | · | April 1, 2023 | 143,885 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | 2022 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2026 | 70,339 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | 2021 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2025 | 22,433 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | 2021 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2025 | 45,194 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | 2020 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2023 | 98,153 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | 2023 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2027 | 122,399 | Acquired |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | BAC | 2023 Performance Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 122,399 | Acquired |
| Jan. 25, 2023 | BAC | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Jan. 25, 2023 | 75,000 | Disposed |
| Aug. 15, 2022 | BAC | 2021 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Aug. 15, 2024 | 22,433 | Disposed |
| June 1, 2022 | BAC | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | June 1, 2024 | 50,000 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | 2021 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2025 | 22,433 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | 2021 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2025 | 45,194 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | 2020 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2023 | 98,153 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | 2019 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2022 | 93,851 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2022 | BAC | 2022 Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Feb. 15, 2026 | 281,359 | Acquired |
| Jan. 25, 2022 | BAC | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | Jan. 25, 2023 | 75,000 | Disposed |
Exercise/conversion price is blank when not applicable (e.g. RSUs).
Initial ownership (Form 3) 10 holdings
Securities held when first becoming an insider, per SEC Form 3.
| Date | Ticker | Security | Shares | Ownership |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oct. 29, 2021 | BAC | 2019 Restricted Stock Units | 93,851 | Direct |
| Oct. 29, 2021 | BAC | Phantom Stock Units | 143,885 | Direct |
| Oct. 29, 2021 | BAC | Restricted Stock Units | 150,000 | Direct |
| Oct. 29, 2021 | BAC | Phantom Stock Units | 100,000 | Direct |
| Oct. 29, 2021 | BAC | 2020 Restricted Stock Units | 196,306 | Direct |
| Oct. 29, 2021 | BAC | Restricted Stock Units | 50,000 | Direct |
| Oct. 29, 2021 | BAC | 2021 Restricted Stock Units | 89,732 | Direct |
| Oct. 29, 2021 | BAC | 2021 Restricted Stock Units | 67,299 | Direct |
| Oct. 29, 2021 | BAC | 2021 Restricted Stock Units | 180,776 | Direct |
| Oct. 29, 2021 | BAC | Restricted Stock Units | 150,000 | Direct |
Compensation (DEF 14A)
Matched by name from proxy statements (DEF 14A) — verify against the filing.
| Fiscal year | Salary | Bonus | Stock awards | Option awards | Non-equity incentive | Pension change | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | $1,000,000 | $5,700,000 | $10,078,348 | · | $0 | $0 | $76,087 | $16,854,435 |
| 2023 | $1,000,000 | $4,650,000 | $7,643,866 | · | $0 | $0 | $323,362 | $13,617,228 |
| 2022 | $1,000,000 | $5,880,000 | $11,634,954 | · | $0 | $0 | $2,101,803 | $20,616,757 |
Figures from the Summary Compensation Table of the company's proxy statement (DEF 14A). Compensation is not a recommendation.