Todd House
Insider
First SEC filing: Dec. 14, 2010 · Latest: Dec. 14, 2010
Insider at
Insider transactions
0 buys (P)
0 sells (S)
Net: $0
Price change vs current quote, split-adjusted for corporate actions since the filing — not benchmarked, not annualized, not size-weighted
| Date | Ticker | Code | Shares | Price | Value | Owned after | Δ own | A/D | vs now |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 5, 2017 | CPAY | A | 30,000 | · | · | 30,000 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| March 13, 2017 | CPAY | S | 13,250 | $159.60 | $2,114,700 | 4,367 Direct | -75.21% | Disposed | 151.7% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 22, 2017 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 3,920 | $165.35 | $648,172 | 17,617 Direct | -18.20% | Disposed | 143.0% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 16, 2017 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 560 | $167.56 | $93,834 | 21,537 Direct | -2.53% | Disposed | 139.7% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 16, 2017 | CPAY | A | 9,000 | · | · | 22,097 Direct | +68.72% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 9, 2017 | CPAY | A | 1,460 | · | · | 13,097 Direct | +12.55% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Jan. 25, 2017 | CPAY | A | 88,000 | $150.74 | $13,265,120 | 88,000 Direct | · | Acquired | 166.5% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 14, 2016 | CPAY | M | 8,000 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 14, 2016 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 8,000 | $172.26 | $1,378,080 | 11,637 Direct | -40.74% | Disposed | 133.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 14, 2016 | CPAY | M | 8,000 | $23.00 | $184,000 | 19,637 Direct | +68.75% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Sept. 15, 2016 | CPAY | M | 8,000 | · | · | 8,000 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Sept. 15, 2016 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 8,000 | $163.00 | $1,304,000 | 11,637 Direct | -40.74% | Disposed | 146.5% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Sept. 15, 2016 | CPAY | M | 8,000 | $23.00 | $184,000 | 19,637 Direct | +68.75% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 15, 2016 | CPAY | M | 8,143 | $23.00 | $187,289 | 19,780 Direct | +69.98% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 15, 2016 | CPAY | M | 8,143 | · | · | 16,000 Direct | -33.73% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 15, 2016 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 8,143 | $165.85 | $1,350,517 | 11,637 Direct | -41.17% | Disposed | 142.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| July 15, 2016 | CPAY | M | 4,347 | · | · | 24,143 Direct | -15.26% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| July 15, 2016 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 4,347 | $151.99 | $660,701 | 11,637 Direct | -27.20% | Disposed | 164.3% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| July 15, 2016 | CPAY | M | 4,347 | $23.00 | $99,981 | 15,984 Direct | +37.35% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| July 12, 2016 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 4,327 | $150.00 | $649,050 | 11,637 Direct | -27.10% | Disposed | 167.8% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 12, 2016 | CPAY | S | 3,000 | $151.05 | $453,150 | 18,964 Direct | -13.66% | Disposed | 166.0% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 10, 2016 | CPAY | A | 3,000 | · | · | 21,964 Direct | +15.82% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Jan. 25, 2016 | CPAY | A | 3,000 | · | · | 18,964 Direct | +18.79% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Jan. 25, 2016 | CPAY | A | 7,270 | · | · | 15,964 Direct | +83.62% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Jan. 20, 2016 | CPAY | A | 44,000 | · | · | 44,000 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 17, 2015 | CPAY | M | 6,142 | · | · | 28,490 Direct | -17.74% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 17, 2015 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 6,142 | $162.13 | $995,802 | 8,694 Direct | -41.40% | Disposed | 147.8% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 17, 2015 | CPAY | M | 6,142 | $23.00 | $141,266 | 14,836 Direct | +70.65% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| July 15, 2015 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 18,000 | $155.96 | $2,807,280 | 8,694 Direct | -67.43% | Disposed | 157.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| July 15, 2015 | CPAY | M | 18,000 | · | · | 34,632 Direct | -34.20% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| July 15, 2015 | CPAY | M | 18,000 | $23.00 | $414,000 | 26,694 Direct | +207.04% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| July 7, 2015 | CPAY | M | 4,347 | · | · | 52,632 Direct | -7.63% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| July 7, 2015 | CPAY | M | 4,347 | $23.00 | $99,981 | 8,694 Direct | +100.00% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 15, 2015 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 6,041 | $160.02 | $966,681 | 4,347 Direct | -58.15% | Disposed | 151.0% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 21, 2015 | CPAY | M | 4,347 | · | · | 56,979 Direct | -7.09% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 21, 2015 | CPAY | M | 4,347 | $23.00 | $99,981 | 10,388 Direct | +71.96% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 15, 2015 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 7,000 | $154.33 | $1,080,310 | 6,041 Direct | -53.68% | Disposed | 160.3% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 17, 2015 | CPAY | M | 4,142 | · | · | 61,326 Direct | -6.33% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 17, 2015 | CPAY | M | 4,142 | $23.00 | $95,266 | 13,041 Direct | +46.54% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 17, 2015 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 4,142 | $150.04 | $621,466 | 8,899 Direct | -31.76% | Disposed | 167.7% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 10, 2015 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 7,209 | $147.15 | $1,060,804 | 6,872 Direct | -51.20% | Disposed | 173.0% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 10, 2015 | CPAY | M | 6,169 | $23.00 | $141,887 | 13,041 Direct | +89.77% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 10, 2015 | CPAY | M | 6,169 | · | · | 65,468 Direct | -8.61% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Jan. 29, 2015 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 560 | $139.92 | $78,355 | 14,081 Direct | -3.82% | Disposed | 187.1% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Jan. 21, 2015 | CPAY | A | 1,600 | · | · | 14,641 Direct | +12.27% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 20, 2014 | CPAY | M | 20,000 | · | · | 71,637 Direct | -21.83% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 20, 2014 | CPAY | S | 20,000 | $154.98 | $3,099,600 | 13,041 Direct | -60.53% | Disposed | 159.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 20, 2014 | CPAY | M | 20,000 | $23.00 | $460,000 | 33,041 Direct | +153.36% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| July 15, 2014 | CPAY | A | 44,000 | · | · | 44,000 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 16, 2014 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 5,000 | $132.76 | $663,800 | 13,041 Direct | -27.71% | Disposed | 202.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 6, 2014 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | · | · | 91,637 Direct | -9.84% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 6, 2014 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 10,000 | $130.00 | $1,300,000 | 18,041 Direct | -35.66% | Disposed | 209.0% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 6, 2014 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | $23.00 | $230,000 | 28,041 Direct | +55.43% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 15, 2014 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 5,000 | $120.32 | $601,600 | 5,000 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | 233.9% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 2, 2014 | CPAY | M | 13,041 | · | · | 101,637 Direct | -11.37% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 2, 2014 | CPAY | M | 13,041 | $23.00 | $299,943 | 23,041 Direct | +130.41% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| April 15, 2014 | CPAY | M | 5,084 | · | · | 114,678 Direct | -4.25% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| April 15, 2014 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 5,084 | $110.53 | $561,935 | 10,000 Direct | -33.70% | Disposed | 263.4% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| April 15, 2014 | CPAY | M | 5,084 | $23.00 | $116,932 | 15,084 Direct | +50.84% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| March 17, 2014 | CPAY | M | 3,000 | · | · | 119,762 Direct | -2.44% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| March 17, 2014 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 4,910 | $118.69 | $582,768 | 10,000 Direct | -32.93% | Disposed | 238.5% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| March 17, 2014 | CPAY | M | 3,000 | $23.00 | $69,000 | 14,910 Direct | +25.19% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Jan. 27, 2014 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 1,090 | $102.13 | $111,322 | 11,910 Direct | -8.38% | Disposed | 293.3% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Jan. 23, 2014 | CPAY | A | 3,000 | · | · | 13,000 Direct | +30.00% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 16, 2013 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | · | · | 122,762 Direct | -7.53% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 16, 2013 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 10,000 | $119.32 | $1,193,200 | 10,000 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | 236.7% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 16, 2013 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | $23.00 | $230,000 | 20,000 Direct | +100.00% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 15, 2013 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | · | · | 132,762 Direct | -7.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 15, 2013 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 10,000 | $117.32 | $1,173,200 | 10,000 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | 242.4% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Nov. 15, 2013 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | $23.00 | $230,000 | 20,000 Direct | +100.00% | Acquired | 1646.6% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 15, 2013 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 15, 2013 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 10,000 | $105.89 | $1,058,900 | 10,000 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | 279.4% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Oct. 15, 2013 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | $10.00 | $100,000 | 20,000 Direct | +100.00% | Acquired | 3917.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Sept. 26, 2013 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | · | · | 10,000 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Sept. 26, 2013 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 10,000 | $110.93 | $1,109,300 | 10,000 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | 262.1% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Sept. 26, 2013 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | $10.00 | $100,000 | 20,000 Direct | +100.00% | Acquired | 3917.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 21, 2013 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | · | · | 20,000 Direct | -33.33% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 21, 2013 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 10,000 | $97.24 | $972,400 | 10,000 Direct | -50.00% | Disposed | 313.1% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Aug. 21, 2013 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | $10.00 | $100,000 | 20,000 Direct | +100.00% | Acquired | 3917.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 5, 2013 | CPAY | M | 18,000 | · | · | 30,000 Direct | -37.50% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 5, 2013 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 18,000 | $84.85 | $1,527,300 | 10,000 Direct | -64.29% | Disposed | 373.4% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| June 5, 2013 | CPAY | M | 18,000 | $10.00 | $180,000 | 28,000 Direct | +180.00% | Acquired | 3917.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 6, 2013 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | · | · | 48,000 Direct | -17.24% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 6, 2013 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | $10.00 | $100,000 | 10,000 Direct | · | Acquired | 3917.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 3, 2013 | CPAY | M | 13,000 | · | · | 58,000 Direct | -18.31% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 3, 2013 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 13,000 | $83.99 | $1,091,870 | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | 378.3% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 3, 2013 | CPAY | M | 13,000 | $10.00 | $130,000 | 13,000 Direct | · | Acquired | 3917.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 1, 2013 | CPAY | M | 12,000 | · | · | 71,000 Direct | -14.46% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 1, 2013 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 12,000 | $75.96 | $911,520 | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | 428.9% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| May 1, 2013 | CPAY | M | 12,000 | $10.00 | $120,000 | 12,000 Direct | · | Acquired | 3917.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| March 11, 2013 | CPAY | M | 6,000 | · | · | 83,000 Direct | -6.74% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| March 11, 2013 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 6,000 | $70.32 | $421,920 | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | 471.3% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| March 11, 2013 | CPAY | M | 6,000 | $10.00 | $60,000 | 6,000 Direct | · | Acquired | 3917.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Feb. 11, 2013 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 10,029 | $65.11 | $652,988 | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | 517.0% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Jan. 28, 2013 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 2,785 | $59.25 | $165,011 | 10,029 Direct | -21.73% | Disposed | 578.0% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Jan. 28, 2013 | CPAY | F | 8,019 | $59.25 | $475,126 | 12,814 Direct | -38.49% | Disposed | 578.0% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Jan. 23, 2013 | CPAY | A | 20,833 | · | · | 20,833 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 19, 2012 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | · | · | 89,000 Direct | -10.10% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 19, 2012 | CPAY | S 10b5-1 | 10,000 | $51.09 | $510,900 | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | 686.3% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
| Dec. 19, 2012 | CPAY | M | 10,000 | $10.00 | $100,000 | 10,000 Direct | · | Acquired | 3917.2% (price as of 2026-10-05) |
Showing latest 100 of 120 transactions
P = Open-market purchase · S = Sale · A = Grant/award · M = Option exercise · G = Gift · F = Tax withholding
Insider transactions are not a recommendation; sales are often driven by liquidity or tax reasons.
Derivative holdings (Form 4 Table II) Options, RSUs and convertible securities reported on Form 4 Table II.
| Date | Ticker | Security | Underlying | Exercise price | Expiration | Shares | A/D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 5, 2017 | CPAY | Stock Options [F1] | Common Stock | $133.40 | May 5, 2027 | 30,000 | Acquired |
| Jan. 25, 2017 | CPAY | Stock Options [F1] | Common Stock | $150.74 | Jan. 25, 2027 | 88,000 | Acquired |
| Oct. 14, 2016 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option [F1] | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 8,000 | Disposed |
| Sept. 15, 2016 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option [F1] | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 8,000 | Disposed |
| Aug. 15, 2016 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option [F1] | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 8,143 | Disposed |
| July 15, 2016 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option [F1] | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 4,347 | Disposed |
| Jan. 20, 2016 | CPAY | Stock Options [F2] | Common Stock | $114.90 | Jan. 20, 2026 | 44,000 | Acquired |
| Aug. 17, 2015 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option [F1] | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 6,142 | Disposed |
| July 15, 2015 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option [F1] | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 18,000 | Disposed |
| July 7, 2015 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 4,347 | Disposed |
| May 21, 2015 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 4,347 | Disposed |
| Feb. 17, 2015 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option [F1] | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 4,142 | Disposed |
| Feb. 10, 2015 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option [F1] | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 6,169 | Disposed |
| Nov. 20, 2014 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 20,000 | Disposed |
| July 15, 2014 | CPAY | Stock Options [F1] | Common Stock | $132.24 | July 15, 2024 | 44,000 | Acquired |
| June 6, 2014 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option [F1] | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 10,000 | Disposed |
| May 2, 2014 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 13,041 | Disposed |
| April 15, 2014 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option [F1] | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 5,084 | Disposed |
| March 17, 2014 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option [F1] | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 3,000 | Disposed |
| Dec. 16, 2013 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option [F1] | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 10,000 | Disposed |
| Nov. 15, 2013 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option [F1] | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 10,000 | Disposed |
| Oct. 15, 2013 | CPAY | Employee Stock Options [F1] | Common Stock | $10.00 | Aug. 11, 2019 | 10,000 | Disposed |
| Sept. 26, 2013 | CPAY | Employee Stock Options [F1] | Common Stock | $10.00 | Aug. 11, 2019 | 10,000 | Disposed |
| Aug. 21, 2013 | CPAY | Employee Stock Options [F1] | Common Stock | $10.00 | Aug. 11, 2019 | 10,000 | Disposed |
| June 5, 2013 | CPAY | Employee Stock Options [F1] | Common Stock | $10.00 | Aug. 11, 2019 | 18,000 | Disposed |
| May 6, 2013 | CPAY | Employee Stock Options | Common Stock | $10.00 | Aug. 11, 2019 | 10,000 | Disposed |
| May 3, 2013 | CPAY | Employee Stock Options [F1] | Common Stock | $10.00 | Aug. 11, 2019 | 13,000 | Disposed |
| May 1, 2013 | CPAY | Employee Stock Options [F1] | Common Stock | $10.00 | Aug. 11, 2019 | 12,000 | Disposed |
| March 11, 2013 | CPAY | Employee Stock Options [F1] | Common Stock | $10.00 | Aug. 11, 2019 | 6,000 | Disposed |
| Dec. 19, 2012 | CPAY | Employee Stock Options [F1] | Common Stock | $10.00 | Aug. 11, 2019 | 10,000 | Disposed |
| Nov. 27, 2012 | CPAY | Employee Stock Options [F1] | Common Stock | $10.00 | Aug. 11, 2019 | 10,000 | Disposed |
| Sept. 6, 2012 | CPAY | Employee Stock Options [F1] | Common Stock | $10.00 | Aug. 11, 2019 | 6,000 | Disposed |
| Aug. 9, 2012 | CPAY | Employee Stock Options [F1] | Common Stock | $10.00 | Aug. 11, 2019 | 5,000 | Disposed |
| Dec. 14, 2010 | CPAY | Employee Stock Option | Common Stock | $23.00 | Dec. 14, 2020 | 142,762 | Acquired |
Exercise/conversion price is blank when not applicable (e.g. RSUs).
Initial ownership (Form 3) 2 holdings
Securities held when first becoming an insider, per SEC Form 3.
Compensation (DEF 14A)
Matched by name from proxy statements (DEF 14A) — verify against the filing.
| Fiscal year | Salary | Bonus | Stock awards | Option awards | Non-equity incentive | Pension change | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | $223,462 | · | $1,035,446 | $3,740,872 | · | · | $27,208 | $5,026,988 |
| 2016 | $398,077 | $70,000 | $1,888,104 | $799,164 | $80,000 | · | $28,269 | $3,263,614 |
| 2014 | $348,077 | $35,000 | · | · | $140,000 | · | $24,226 | $5,952,111 |
Figures from the Summary Compensation Table of the company's proxy statement (DEF 14A). Compensation is not a recommendation.