William E. Mudd
Insider
First SEC filing: Jan. 5, 2026 · Latest: Jan. 5, 2026
Insider at
Insider transactions
0 buys (P)
0 sells (S)
Net: $0
Price change vs current quote, split-adjusted for corporate actions since the filing — not benchmarked, not annualized, not size-weighted
| Date | Ticker | Code | Shares | Price | Value | Owned after | Δ own | A/D | vs now |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| March 19, 2026 | CHDN | A | 1,449 | · | · | 37,679 Direct | +4.00% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 5, 2026 | CHDN | A | 16,648 | · | · | 748,715 Direct | +2.27% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 5, 2026 | CHDN | D | 16,648 | $93.69 | $1,559,751 | 732,067 Direct | -2.22% | Disposed | -18.8% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 5, 2026 | CHDN | A | 21,348 | · | · | 36,230 Direct | +143.45% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2025 | CHDN | M | 13,477 | · | · | 14,882 Direct | -47.52% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2025 | CHDN | D | 5,409 | $113.78 | $615,436 | 732,067 Direct | -0.73% | Disposed | -33.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2025 | CHDN | F | 3,676 | $113.78 | $418,255 | 737,476 Direct | -0.50% | Disposed | -33.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2025 | CHDN | M | 13,477 | · | · | 741,152 Direct | +1.85% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 26, 2025 | CHDN | G | 5,730 | · | · | 727,286 Direct | -0.78% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Oct. 30, 2025 | CHDN | M | 94,966 | · | · | 28,359 Direct | -77.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Oct. 30, 2025 | CHDN | F | 43,258 | $100.40 | $4,343,103 | 733,016 Direct | -5.57% | Disposed | -24.3% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Oct. 30, 2025 | CHDN | M | 94,966 | · | · | 776,274 Direct | +13.94% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 6, 2025 | CHDN | A | 16,227 | · | · | 123,325 Direct | +15.15% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2024 | CHDN | M | 12,526 | · | · | 107,098 Direct | -10.47% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2024 | CHDN | F | 5,707 | $133.54 | $762,113 | 681,308 Direct | -0.83% | Disposed | -43.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2024 | CHDN | M | 12,526 | · | · | 687,015 Direct | +1.86% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Nov. 21, 2024 | CHDN | G | 2,712 | · | · | 674,489 Direct | -0.40% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Oct. 30, 2024 | CHDN | M | 94,966 | · | · | 119,624 Direct | -44.25% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Oct. 30, 2024 | CHDN | F | 43,258 | $143.98 | $6,228,287 | 677,201 Direct | -6.00% | Disposed | -47.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Oct. 30, 2024 | CHDN | M | 94,966 | · | · | 720,459 Direct | +15.18% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | CHDN | A | 12,198 | · | · | 214,590 Direct | +6.03% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | CHDN | F | 12,007 | $123.00 | $1,476,861 | 625,493 Direct | -1.88% | Disposed | -38.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | CHDN | A | 26,360 | · | · | 637,500 Direct | +4.31% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2023 | CHDN | M | 13,192 | · | · | 202,392 Direct | -6.12% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2023 | CHDN | F | 6,076 | $134.93 | $819,835 | 611,140 Direct | -0.98% | Disposed | -43.6% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2023 | CHDN | M | 13,192 | · | · | 617,216 Direct | +2.18% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Oct. 30, 2023 | CHDN | M | 94,966 | · | · | 215,584 Direct | -30.58% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Oct. 30, 2023 | CHDN | F | 43,732 | $108.98 | $4,765,913 | 604,024 Direct | -6.75% | Disposed | -30.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Oct. 30, 2023 | CHDN | M | 94,966 | · | · | 647,756 Direct | +17.18% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| March 3, 2023 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 9,727 | $246.03 | $2,393,134 | 276,276 Direct | -3.40% | Disposed | -38.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| March 2, 2023 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 12,049 | $244.48 | $2,945,740 | 286,003 Direct | -4.04% | Disposed | -37.8% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| March 2, 2023 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 7,951 | $243.29 | $1,934,399 | 298,052 Direct | -2.60% | Disposed | -37.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| March 1, 2023 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 2,782 | $247.29 | $687,961 | 306,003 Direct | -0.90% | Disposed | -38.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| March 1, 2023 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 11,415 | $246.74 | $2,816,537 | 308,785 Direct | -3.56% | Disposed | -38.4% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| March 1, 2023 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 5,803 | $245.51 | $1,424,695 | 320,200 Direct | -1.78% | Disposed | -38.0% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | CHDN | A | 6,006 | · | · | 155,275 Direct | +4.02% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | CHDN | F | 10,238 | $249.81 | $2,557,555 | 326,003 Direct | -3.04% | Disposed | -39.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | CHDN | A | 22,231 | · | · | 336,241 Direct | +7.08% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2022 | CHDN | M | 7,714 | · | · | 149,269 Direct | -4.91% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2022 | CHDN | F | 3,593 | · | · | 313,876 Direct | -1.13% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2022 | CHDN | M | 7,714 | · | · | 317,469 Direct | +2.49% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Nov. 16, 2022 | CHDN | G | 1,220 | · | · | 309,755 Direct | -0.39% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Oct. 31, 2022 | CHDN | M | 47,483 | · | · | 156,983 Direct | -23.22% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Oct. 31, 2022 | CHDN | F | 22,104 | $207.91 | $4,595,643 | 310,975 Direct | -6.64% | Disposed | -26.8% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Oct. 31, 2022 | CHDN | M | 47,483 | · | · | 333,079 Direct | +16.63% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 10, 2022 | CHDN | A | 6,684 | · | · | 204,466 Direct | +3.38% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 10, 2022 | CHDN | F | 11,891 | $224.45 | $2,668,935 | 285,596 Direct | -4.00% | Disposed | -32.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 10, 2022 | CHDN | A | 26,788 | · | · | 297,487 Direct | +9.90% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2021 | CHDN | M | 9,875 | $240.90 | $2,378,888 | 197,782 Direct | -4.76% | Disposed | -36.9% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2021 | CHDN | F | 4,599 | $240.90 | $1,107,899 | 270,327 Direct | -1.67% | Disposed | -36.9% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2021 | CHDN | M | 9,875 | · | · | 274,926 Direct | +3.73% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Nov. 11, 2021 | CHDN | A | 159,486 | · | · | 207,657 Direct | +331.08% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 10, 2021 | CHDN | A | 19,922 | · | · | 274,325 Direct | +7.83% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 10, 2021 | CHDN | F | 9,274 | $211.37 | $1,960,245 | 265,051 Direct | -3.38% | Disposed | -28.0% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 10, 2021 | CHDN | A | 7,098 | · | · | 48,171 Direct | +17.28% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2020 | CHDN | M | 10,947 | $194.79 | $2,132,366 | 259,501 Direct | +4.40% | Acquired | -21.9% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2020 | CHDN | F | 5,098 | $194.79 | $993,039 | 254,403 Direct | -1.96% | Disposed | -21.9% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2020 | CHDN | M | 10,947 | $194.79 | $2,132,366 | 41,073 Direct | -21.04% | Disposed | -21.9% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 29, 2020 | CHDN | G | 1,000 | · | · | 247,654 Direct | -0.40% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 24, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 2,298 | $206.23 | $473,917 | 251,354 Direct | -0.91% | Disposed | -26.2% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 24, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 2,700 | $204.42 | $551,934 | 248,654 Direct | -1.07% | Disposed | -25.6% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 23, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 2,000 | $205.26 | $410,520 | 257,652 Direct | -0.77% | Disposed | -25.9% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 23, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 4,000 | $203.81 | $815,240 | 253,652 Direct | -1.55% | Disposed | -25.4% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 22, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 1,100 | $201.47 | $221,617 | 265,452 Direct | -0.41% | Disposed | -24.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 22, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 2,000 | $201.75 | $403,500 | 264,552 Direct | -0.75% | Disposed | -24.6% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 22, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 4,900 | $200.19 | $980,931 | 259,652 Direct | -1.85% | Disposed | -24.0% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 21, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 1,000 | $200.22 | $200,220 | 271,552 Direct | -0.37% | Disposed | -24.0% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 21, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 2,000 | $202.40 | $404,800 | 269,552 Direct | -0.74% | Disposed | -24.9% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 21, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 3,000 | $204.27 | $612,810 | 266,552 Direct | -1.11% | Disposed | -25.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 28, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 107 | $140.33 | $15,015 | 276,583 Direct | -0.04% | Disposed | 8.4% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 28, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 1,138 | $141.50 | $161,027 | 275,445 Direct | -0.41% | Disposed | 7.5% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 28, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 2,893 | $138.24 | $399,928 | 272,552 Direct | -1.05% | Disposed | 10.0% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 27, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 1,000 | $129.95 | $129,950 | 280,690 Direct | -0.36% | Disposed | 17.0% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 27, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 4,000 | $129.10 | $516,400 | 276,690 Direct | -1.43% | Disposed | 17.8% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 26, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 5,000 | $125.59 | $627,950 | 281,690 Direct | -1.74% | Disposed | 21.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 26, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 5,000 | $125.59 | $627,950 | 281,690 Direct | -1.74% | Disposed | 21.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 22, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 5,000 | $122.01 | $610,050 | 286,690 Direct | -1.71% | Disposed | 24.7% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| May 22, 2020 | CHDN | S 10b5-1 | 5,000 | $122.01 | $610,050 | 286,690 Direct | -1.71% | Disposed | 24.7% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 12, 2020 | CHDN | A | 9,360 | · | · | 52,020 Direct | +21.94% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2019 | CHDN | M | 13,308 | $137.20 | $1,825,858 | 297,887 Direct | +4.68% | Acquired | 10.9% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2019 | CHDN | F | 6,197 | $137.20 | $850,228 | 291,690 Direct | -2.08% | Disposed | 10.9% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2019 | CHDN | M | 13,308 | $137.20 | $1,825,858 | 42,660 Direct | -23.78% | Disposed | 10.9% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Nov. 29, 2019 | CHDN | G | 6,585 | · | · | 284,579 Direct | -2.26% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2019 | CHDN | A | 32,372 | · | · | 306,234 Direct | +11.82% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 27, 2019 | CHDN | F | 15,070 | $96.51 | $1,454,406 | 291,164 Direct | -4.92% | Disposed | 57.6% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 13, 2019 | CHDN | A | 13,167 | · | · | 55,968 Direct | +30.76% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2018 | CHDN | M | 4,625 | $243.94 | $1,128,222 | 93,442 Direct | +5.21% | Acquired | 87.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2018 | CHDN | F | 2,155 | $243.94 | $525,691 | 91,287 Direct | -2.31% | Disposed | 87.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2018 | CHDN | M | 4,625 | $243.94 | $1,128,222 | 14,267 Direct | -24.48% | Disposed | 87.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Oct. 30, 2018 | CHDN | A | 10,148 | $243.90 | $2,475,097 | 18,892 Direct | +116.06% | Acquired | 87.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 28, 2018 | CHDN | A | 9,865 | $258.20 | $2,547,143 | 93,508 Direct | +11.79% | Acquired | 76.7% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 28, 2018 | CHDN | F | 4,691 | · | · | 88,817 Direct | -5.02% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 15, 2018 | CHDN | A | 3,438 | · | · | 8,744 Direct | +64.79% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2017 | CHDN | M | 15,000 | $232.70 | $3,490,500 | 87,961 Direct | +20.56% | Acquired | 96.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2017 | CHDN | M | 6,049 | $232.70 | $1,407,602 | 94,010 Direct | +6.88% | Acquired | 96.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2017 | CHDN | F | 3,033 | $232.70 | $705,779 | 90,977 Direct | -3.23% | Disposed | 96.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2017 | CHDN | F | 7,334 | $232.70 | $1,706,622 | 83,643 Direct | -8.06% | Disposed | 96.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2017 | CHDN | M | 15,000 | $232.70 | $3,490,500 | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | 96.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Dec. 31, 2017 | CHDN | M | 6,049 | $232.70 | $1,407,602 | 5,306 Direct | -53.27% | Disposed | 96.1% (price as of 2026-10-02) |
| Feb. 17, 2017 | CHDN | A | 5,481 | · | · | 11,355 Direct | +93.31% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-02) |
Showing latest 100 of 159 transactions
P = Open-market purchase · S = Sale · A = Grant/award · M = Option exercise · G = Gift · F = Tax withholding
Insider transactions are not a recommendation; sales are often driven by liquidity or tax reasons.
Derivative holdings (Form 4 Table II) Options, RSUs and convertible securities reported on Form 4 Table II.
| Date | Ticker | Security | Underlying | Exercise price | Expiration | Shares | A/D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| March 19, 2026 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 1,449 | Acquired |
| Feb. 5, 2026 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 21,348 | Acquired |
| Dec. 31, 2025 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 13,477 | Disposed |
| Oct. 30, 2025 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 94,966 | Disposed |
| Feb. 6, 2025 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 16,227 | Acquired |
| Dec. 31, 2024 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 12,526 | Disposed |
| Oct. 30, 2024 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 94,966 | Disposed |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 12,198 | Acquired |
| Dec. 31, 2023 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 13,192 | Disposed |
| Oct. 30, 2023 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 94,966 | Disposed |
| Feb. 15, 2023 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 6,006 | Acquired |
| Dec. 31, 2022 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 7,714 | Disposed |
| Oct. 31, 2022 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 47,483 | Disposed |
| Feb. 10, 2022 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 6,684 | Acquired |
| Dec. 31, 2021 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 9,875 | Disposed |
| Nov. 11, 2021 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 159,486 | Acquired |
| Feb. 10, 2021 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 7,098 | Acquired |
| Dec. 31, 2020 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 10,947 | Disposed |
| Feb. 12, 2020 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 9,360 | Acquired |
| Dec. 31, 2019 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 13,308 | Disposed |
| Feb. 13, 2019 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 13,167 | Acquired |
| Dec. 31, 2018 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 4,625 | Disposed |
| Oct. 30, 2018 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 10,148 | Acquired |
| Feb. 15, 2018 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 3,438 | Acquired |
| Dec. 31, 2017 | CHDN | Restricted Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 15,000 | Disposed |
| Dec. 31, 2017 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 6,049 | Disposed |
| Feb. 17, 2017 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 5,481 | Acquired |
| Dec. 31, 2016 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 4,222 | Disposed |
| Dec. 31, 2016 | CHDN | Restricted Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 12,500 | Disposed |
| Sept. 19, 2016 | CHDN | Employee Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $52.58 | Oct. 15, 2017 | 4,500 | Disposed |
| Feb. 23, 2016 | CHDN | Restricted Stock Units | Common Stock | · | · | 4,956 | Acquired |
| Sept. 22, 2015 | CHDN | Phantom Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 5,140 | Acquired |
| Feb. 9, 2015 | CHDN | Restricted Stock [F1] | Common Stock | · | · | 20,000 | Acquired |
| March 21, 2013 | CHDN | Restricted Stock [F2] | Common Stock | · | · | 80,000 | Acquired |
| Sept. 30, 2011 | CHDN | Restricted Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 861 | Disposed |
| June 30, 2011 | CHDN | Restricted Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 861 | Disposed |
| March 31, 2011 | CHDN | Restricted Stock [F1] | Common Stock | · | · | 861 | Disposed |
| Dec. 31, 2010 | CHDN | Restricted Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 422 | Disposed |
| Oct. 15, 2010 | CHDN | Restricted Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 841 | Disposed |
| Sept. 30, 2010 | CHDN | Restricted Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 376 | Disposed |
| June 30, 2010 | CHDN | Restricted Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 376 | Disposed |
| March 31, 2010 | CHDN | Restricted Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 376 | Disposed |
| March 3, 2010 | CHDN | Restricted Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 13,387 | Acquired |
| Oct. 15, 2007 | CHDN | Restricted Stock | Common Stock | · | · | 2,500 | Acquired |
| Oct. 15, 2007 | CHDN | Employee Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $52.58 | Oct. 15, 2017 | 4,500 | Acquired |
Exercise/conversion price is blank when not applicable (e.g. RSUs).
Compensation (DEF 14A)
Matched by name from proxy statements (DEF 14A) — verify against the filing.
| Fiscal year | Salary | Bonus | Stock awards | Option awards | Non-equity incentive | Pension change | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | · | · | · | · | $2,038,106 | · | $90,687 | $7,209,486 |
| 2024 | · | · | · | · | $2,305,298 | · | $21,561 | $6,462,898 |
| 2023 | · | · | · | · | $1,824,405 | · | $20,175 | $6,140,275 |
Figures from the Summary Compensation Table of the company's proxy statement (DEF 14A). Compensation is not a recommendation.