Brian Lian
First SEC filing: May 6, 2015 · Latest: May 6, 2015
Insider at
Insider transactions
Price change vs current quote, split-adjusted for corporate actions since the filing — not benchmarked, not annualized, not size-weighted
| Date | Ticker | Code | Shares | Price | Value | Owned after | Δ own | A/D | vs now |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| July 29, 2026 | VKTX | S | 148,517 | $33.32 | $4,948,586 | 2,572,441 Direct | -5.46% | Disposed | -14.8% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| July 28, 2026 | VKTX | A | 221,667 | · | · | 2,720,958 Direct | +8.87% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 5, 2026 | VKTX | S | 6,400 | $35.07 | $224,448 | 2,499,291 Direct | -0.26% | Disposed | -19.1% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 5, 2026 | VKTX | S | 41,276 | $34.22 | $1,412,465 | 2,505,691 Direct | -1.62% | Disposed | -17.1% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 5, 2026 | VKTX | S | 53,279 | $33.38 | $1,778,453 | 2,546,967 Direct | -2.05% | Disposed | -15.0% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 5, 2026 | VKTX | S | 132,454 | $32.29 | $4,276,940 | 2,600,246 Direct | -4.85% | Disposed | -12.1% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 2, 2026 | VKTX | A | 176,300 | · | · | 176,300 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 2, 2026 | VKTX | A | 224,080 | · | · | 2,732,700 Direct | +8.93% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 2, 2026 | VKTX | A | 78,400 | · | · | 2,508,620 Direct | +3.23% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Oct. 28, 2025 | VKTX | S | 38,989 | $35.01 | $1,365,005 | 2,419,109 Direct | -1.59% | Disposed | -18.9% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Oct. 27, 2025 | VKTX | A | 70,084 | · | · | 2,458,098 Direct | +2.93% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| July 3, 2025 | VKTX | S | 26,889 | $27.80 | $747,514 | 2,388,014 Direct | -1.11% | Disposed | 2.1% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| July 2, 2025 | VKTX | A | 48,333 | · | · | 2,414,903 Direct | +2.04% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 6, 2025 | VKTX | S | 19,000 | $43.32 | $823,080 | 2,366,570 Direct | -0.80% | Disposed | -34.5% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 6, 2025 | VKTX | S | 175,490 | $42.68 | $7,489,913 | 2,385,570 Direct | -6.85% | Disposed | -33.5% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2025 | VKTX | A | 78,300 | · | · | 78,300 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2025 | VKTX | A | 163,333 | · | · | 2,561,060 Direct | +6.81% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2025 | VKTX | A | 92,800 | · | · | 2,397,727 Direct | +4.03% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Sept. 20, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 166,130 | · | · | 65,000 Direct | -71.88% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Sept. 20, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 200 | $71.98 | $14,396 | 2,304,927 Direct | -0.01% | Disposed | -60.6% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Sept. 20, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 119,874 | $71.15 | $8,529,035 | 2,305,127 Direct | -4.94% | Disposed | -60.1% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Sept. 20, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 96,056 | $70.43 | $6,765,224 | 2,425,001 Direct | -3.81% | Disposed | -59.7% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Sept. 20, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 166,130 | $7.77 | $1,290,830 | 2,521,057 Direct | +7.05% | Acquired | 265.3% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Aug. 21, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 1,000 | · | · | 231,130 Direct | -0.43% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Aug. 21, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 1,000 | $69.90 | $69,900 | 2,354,927 Direct | -0.04% | Disposed | -59.4% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Aug. 21, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 1,000 | $7.77 | $7,770 | 2,355,927 Direct | +0.04% | Acquired | 265.3% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Aug. 19, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 112,870 | · | · | 232,130 Direct | -32.72% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Aug. 19, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 11,296 | $67.12 | $758,188 | 2,354,927 Direct | -0.48% | Disposed | -57.7% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Aug. 19, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 31,442 | $66.37 | $2,086,806 | 2,366,223 Direct | -1.31% | Disposed | -57.2% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Aug. 19, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 70,132 | $65.33 | $4,581,724 | 2,397,665 Direct | -2.84% | Disposed | -56.6% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Aug. 19, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 112,870 | $7.77 | $877,000 | 2,467,797 Direct | +4.79% | Acquired | 265.3% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| July 30, 2024 | VKTX | S | 30,417 | $58.78 | $1,787,911 | 2,354,927 Direct | -1.28% | Disposed | -51.7% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| July 30, 2024 | VKTX | S | 19,501 | $57.81 | $1,127,353 | 2,385,344 Direct | -0.81% | Disposed | -50.9% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| July 30, 2024 | VKTX | S | 65,941 | $56.95 | $3,755,340 | 2,404,845 Direct | -2.67% | Disposed | -50.2% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| July 29, 2024 | VKTX | A | 163,333 | · | · | 2,470,786 Direct | +7.08% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| July 29, 2024 | VKTX | A | 41,000 | · | · | 2,307,453 Direct | +1.81% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| March 27, 2024 | VKTX | F | 153,948 | $83.34 | $12,830,026 | 2,266,453 Direct | -6.36% | Disposed | -65.9% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| March 27, 2024 | VKTX | A | 221,667 | · | · | 2,420,401 Direct | +10.08% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| March 1, 2024 | VKTX | F | 162,815 | $85.22 | $13,875,094 | 2,198,734 Direct | -6.89% | Disposed | -66.7% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| March 1, 2024 | VKTX | A | 221,667 | · | · | 2,361,549 Direct | +10.36% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Feb. 9, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 45,000 | $29.90 | $1,345,500 | 2,139,882 Direct | -2.06% | Disposed | -5.1% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 140,000 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 34,931 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 14,148 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 40,000 | $28.90 | $1,156,000 | 2,184,882 Direct | -1.80% | Disposed | -1.8% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 40,000 | $27.45 | $1,098,000 | 2,224,882 Direct | -1.77% | Disposed | 3.4% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 80,000 | $26.95 | $2,156,000 | 2,264,882 Direct | -3.41% | Disposed | 5.3% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 60,000 | $25.95 | $1,557,000 | 2,344,882 Direct | -2.49% | Disposed | 9.4% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 140,000 | $4.65 | $651,000 | 2,404,882 Direct | +6.18% | Acquired | 510.3% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 49,079 | $25.75 | $1,263,784 | 2,264,882 Direct | -2.12% | Disposed | 10.2% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 49,079 | $1.23 | $60,367 | 2,313,961 Direct | +2.17% | Acquired | 2207.3% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 31, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 85,000 | · | · | 14,148 Direct | -85.73% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 31, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 45,000 | $24.95 | $1,122,750 | 2,264,882 Direct | -1.95% | Disposed | 13.7% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 31, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 40,000 | $24.45 | $978,000 | 2,309,882 Direct | -1.70% | Disposed | 16.1% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 31, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 85,000 | $1.23 | $104,550 | 2,349,882 Direct | +3.75% | Acquired | 2207.3% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 30, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 35,000 | · | · | 99,148 Direct | -26.09% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 30, 2024 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 35,000 | $23.95 | $838,250 | 2,264,882 Direct | -1.52% | Disposed | 18.5% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 30, 2024 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 35,000 | $1.23 | $43,050 | 2,299,882 Direct | +1.55% | Acquired | 2207.3% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 4, 2024 | VKTX | F | 39,552 | $18.58 | $734,876 | 2,264,882 Direct | -1.72% | Disposed | 52.7% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2024 | VKTX | A | 360,000 | · | · | 360,000 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2024 | VKTX | F | 106,115 | $17.40 | $1,846,401 | 2,304,434 Direct | -4.40% | Disposed | 63.1% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2024 | VKTX | A | 160,000 | · | · | 2,410,549 Direct | +7.11% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2024 | VKTX | F | 108,525 | $17.40 | $1,888,335 | 2,250,549 Direct | -4.60% | Disposed | 63.1% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2024 | VKTX | A | 150,000 | · | · | 2,359,074 Direct | +6.79% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| May 1, 2023 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 45,000 | $22.45 | $1,010,250 | 2,197,963 Direct | -2.01% | Disposed | 26.4% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| April 19, 2023 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 35,000 | $21.45 | $750,750 | 2,242,963 Direct | -1.54% | Disposed | 32.3% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| April 17, 2023 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 125,000 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| April 17, 2023 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 155,000 | $20.45 | $3,169,750 | 2,277,963 Direct | -6.37% | Disposed | 38.8% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| April 17, 2023 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 125,000 | $2.15 | $268,750 | 2,432,963 Direct | +5.42% | Acquired | 1220.0% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| April 13, 2023 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 54,336 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| April 13, 2023 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 79,336 | $18.45 | $1,463,749 | 2,307,963 Direct | -3.32% | Disposed | 53.8% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| April 13, 2023 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 54,336 | $1.88 | $102,152 | 2,387,299 Direct | +2.33% | Acquired | 1409.6% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| April 3, 2023 | VKTX | F | 200,000 | $17.57 | $3,514,000 | 2,332,963 Direct | -7.90% | Disposed | 61.5% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| April 3, 2023 | VKTX | A | 300,000 | · | · | 2,532,963 Direct | +13.44% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| April 3, 2023 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 22,000 | $17.85 | $392,700 | 2,232,963 Direct | -0.98% | Disposed | 59.0% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| March 31, 2023 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 67,970 | · | · | 0 Direct | -100.00% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| March 31, 2023 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 67,970 | $17.45 | $1,186,076 | 2,254,963 Direct | -2.93% | Disposed | 62.6% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| March 31, 2023 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 67,970 | $9.49 | $645,035 | 2,322,933 Direct | +3.01% | Acquired | 199.1% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| March 30, 2023 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 19,530 | · | · | 67,970 Direct | -22.32% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| March 30, 2023 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 115,852 | · | · | 134,148 Direct | -46.34% | Disposed | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| March 30, 2023 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 65,382 | $17.45 | $1,140,916 | 2,254,963 Direct | -2.82% | Disposed | 62.6% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| March 30, 2023 | VKTX | S 10b5-1 | 88,000 | $16.95 | $1,491,600 | 2,320,345 Direct | -3.65% | Disposed | 67.4% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| March 30, 2023 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 19,530 | $9.49 | $185,340 | 2,408,345 Direct | +0.82% | Acquired | 199.1% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| March 30, 2023 | VKTX | M 10b5-1 | 115,852 | $1.23 | $142,498 | 2,388,815 Direct | +5.10% | Acquired | 2207.3% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 4, 2023 | VKTX | F | 28,619 | $8.42 | $240,972 | 2,272,963 Direct | -1.24% | Disposed | 237.1% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2023 | VKTX | A | 600,000 | · | · | 600,000 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2023 | VKTX | F | 68,252 | $8.52 | $581,507 | 2,301,582 Direct | -2.88% | Disposed | 233.1% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2023 | VKTX | A | 266,667 | · | · | 2,369,834 Direct | +12.68% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Dec. 30, 2022 | VKTX | F | 66,127 | $9.40 | $621,594 | 2,103,167 Direct | -3.05% | Disposed | 201.9% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Dec. 30, 2022 | VKTX | A | 121,667 | · | · | 2,169,294 Direct | +5.94% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 4, 2022 | VKTX | F | 26,432 | $4.62 | $122,116 | 2,036,686 Direct | -1.28% | Disposed | 514.3% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2022 | VKTX | A | 390,000 | · | · | 390,000 Direct | · | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2022 | VKTX | A | 173,333 | · | · | 2,063,118 Direct | +9.17% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2022 | VKTX | F | 36,319 | $4.88 | $177,237 | 1,889,785 Direct | -1.89% | Disposed | 481.6% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Sept. 28, 2021 | VKTX | F | 27,750 | $6.50 | $180,375 | 1,924,807 Direct | -1.42% | Disposed | 336.6% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Sept. 28, 2021 | VKTX | A | 55,500 | · | · | 1,952,557 Direct | +2.93% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 19, 2021 | VKTX | F | 5,611 | $6.68 | $37,481 | 1,894,181 Direct | -0.30% | Disposed | 324.9% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 4, 2021 | VKTX | A | 164,000 | · | · | 1,876,432 Direct | +9.58% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 4, 2021 | VKTX | A | 40,333 | · | · | 1,916,765 Direct | +2.15% | Acquired | (price as of 2026-10-06) |
| Jan. 3, 2021 | VKTX | F | 31,545 | $5.63 | $177,598 | 1,712,432 Direct | -1.81% | Disposed | 404.1% (price as of 2026-10-06) |
Showing latest 100 of 126 transactions
P = Open-market purchase · S = Sale · A = Grant/award · M = Option exercise · G = Gift · F = Tax withholding
Insider transactions are not a recommendation; sales are often driven by liquidity or tax reasons.
Derivative holdings (Form 4 Table II) Options, RSUs and convertible securities reported on Form 4 Table II.
| Date | Ticker | Security | Underlying | Exercise price | Expiration | Shares | A/D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan. 2, 2026 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $35.42 | Jan. 2, 2036 | 176,300 | Acquired |
| Jan. 3, 2025 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $42.89 | Jan. 3, 2035 | 78,300 | Acquired |
| Sept. 20, 2024 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $7.77 | Jan. 3, 2030 | 166,130 | Disposed |
| Aug. 21, 2024 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $7.77 | Jan. 3, 2030 | 1,000 | Disposed |
| Aug. 19, 2024 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $7.77 | Jan. 3, 2030 | 112,870 | Disposed |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | VKTX | Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $4.65 | Jan. 19, 2028 | 140,000 | Disposed |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | VKTX | Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $1.23 | Jan. 5, 2027 | 34,931 | Disposed |
| Feb. 8, 2024 | VKTX | Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $1.23 | Jan. 5, 2027 | 14,148 | Disposed |
| Jan. 31, 2024 | VKTX | Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $1.23 | Jan. 5, 2027 | 85,000 | Disposed |
| Jan. 30, 2024 | VKTX | Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $1.23 | Jan. 5, 2027 | 35,000 | Disposed |
| Jan. 3, 2024 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $17.40 | Jan. 3, 2034 | 360,000 | Acquired |
| April 17, 2023 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $2.15 | March 4, 2026 | 125,000 | Disposed |
| April 13, 2023 | VKTX | Stock Option (right to buy) | Common Stock | $1.88 | March 14, 2026 | 54,336 | Disposed |
| March 31, 2023 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $9.49 | May 4, 2025 | 67,970 | Disposed |
| March 30, 2023 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $9.49 | May 4, 2025 | 19,530 | Disposed |
| March 30, 2023 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $1.23 | Jan. 5, 2027 | 115,852 | Disposed |
| Jan. 3, 2023 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $8.52 | Jan. 3, 2033 | 600,000 | Acquired |
| Jan. 3, 2022 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $4.88 | Jan. 3, 2032 | 390,000 | Acquired |
| Jan. 4, 2021 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $5.80 | Jan. 4, 2031 | 369,000 | Acquired |
| Jan. 3, 2020 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $7.77 | Jan. 3, 2030 | 345,000 | Acquired |
| Jan. 3, 2019 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $7.58 | Jan. 3, 2029 | 235,554 | Acquired |
| Jan. 19, 2018 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $4.65 | Jan. 19, 2028 | 140,000 | Acquired |
| Jan. 5, 2017 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $1.23 | Jan. 5, 2027 | 34,931 | Acquired |
| Jan. 5, 2017 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $1.23 | Jan. 5, 2027 | 250,000 | Acquired |
| March 14, 2016 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $1.88 | March 14, 2026 | 54,336 | Acquired |
| March 4, 2016 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $2.15 | March 4, 2026 | 125,000 | Acquired |
| May 4, 2015 | VKTX | Convertible Note due 2015 | Common Stock | · | · | · | Disposed |
| May 4, 2015 | VKTX | Convertible Note due 2015 | Common Stock | · | · | · | Disposed |
| May 4, 2015 | VKTX | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | $9.49 | May 4, 2025 | 87,500 | Acquired |
Exercise/conversion price is blank when not applicable (e.g. RSUs).
Initial ownership (Form 3) 3 holdings
Securities held when first becoming an insider, per SEC Form 3.
Compensation (DEF 14A)
Matched by name from proxy statements (DEF 14A) — verify against the filing.
| Fiscal year | Salary | Bonus | Stock awards | Option awards | Non-equity incentive | Pension change | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | $672,000 | · | $17,756,817 | $2,468,016 | $373,000 | · | · | $21,269,833 |
| 2024 | $640,000 | · | $8,468,006 | $4,636,800 | $440,000 | · | $113,748 | $14,298,554 |
| 2023 | $615,000 | · | $7,937,803 | $3,703,158 | $372,100 | · | · | $12,628,061 |
Figures from the Summary Compensation Table of the company's proxy statement (DEF 14A). Compensation is not a recommendation.