David M Shannon
CIK 1197653 · Lihat di SEC EDGAR ↗
Pengajuan SEC Pertama: 15 Maret 2017 · Terbaru: 15 Maret 2017
Di halaman ini
- Orang Dalam di Perusahaan di mana orang ini adalah orang dalam yang melaporkan.
- Transaksi orang dalam Setiap saham yang dibeli atau dijual orang ini, dari pengajuan Formulir 4.
- Derivatif Opsi dan kepemilikan derivatif lainnya yang dilaporkan oleh orang ini.
- Kompensasi Gaji eksekutif yang diungkapkan dalam pernyataan proksi perusahaan.
Orang Dalam di
Transaksi orang dalam
Perubahan harga vs kuotasi saat ini, disesuaikan split untuk aksi korporasi sejak pengajuan — tidak dibenchmark, tidak diannualisasi, tidak dibobot berdasarkan ukuran
| Tanggal | Ticker | Kode | Saham | Harga | Nilai | Dimiliki setelah | Δ milik | A/D | vs sekarang |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 Mei 2016 | NVDA | S | 271.049 | $42,07 | $11.403.031 | 406.755 Langsung | -39,99% | Dilepas | 20740,0% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 19 Feb. 2016 | NVDA | S | 31.976 | $30,60 | $978.466 | 339.248 Langsung | -8,61% | Dilepas | 28551,6% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 14 Mei 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 729 | $21,26 | $15.499 | 343.676 Langsung | -0,21% | Dilepas | 41138,9% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 13 Mei 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 1.771 | $21,00 | $37.191 | 343.676 Langsung | -0,51% | Dilepas | 41649,5% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 6 Mei 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 5.000 | $22,17 | $110.850 | 343.676 Langsung | -1,43% | Dilepas | 39446,2% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 29 April 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 5.000 | $22,09 | $110.450 | 343.676 Langsung | -1,43% | Dilepas | 39589,5% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 22 April 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 5.000 | $22,11 | $110.550 | 343.676 Langsung | -1,43% | Dilepas | 39553,6% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 6 April 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 3.229 | $21,26 | $68.649 | 343.676 Langsung | -0,93% | Dilepas | 41138,9% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 1 April 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 1.771 | $20,91 | $37.032 | 343.676 Langsung | -0,51% | Dilepas | 41829,2% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 25 Maret 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 5.000 | $21,63 | $108.150 | 343.676 Langsung | -1,43% | Dilepas | 40433,5% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 18 Maret 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 5.000 | $23,06 | $115.300 | 343.676 Langsung | -1,43% | Dilepas | 37919,9% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 27 Feb. 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 10.100 | $22,09 | $223.109 | 245.160 Langsung | -3,96% | Dilepas | 39589,5% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 20 Feb. 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 10.000 | $22,11 | $221.100 | 245.160 Langsung | -3,92% | Dilepas | 39553,6% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 13 Feb. 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 10.000 | $22,10 | $221.000 | 245.160 Langsung | -3,92% | Dilepas | 39571,5% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 6 Feb. 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 10.000 | $20,44 | $204.400 | 245.160 Langsung | -3,92% | Dilepas | 42793,3% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 4 Feb. 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 10.000 | $20,26 | $202.600 | 245.160 Langsung | -3,92% | Dilepas | 43174,4% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 23 Jan. 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 10.000 | $20,61 | $206.100 | 245.160 Langsung | -3,92% | Dilepas | 42439,5% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 21 Jan. 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 21.400 | $20,26 | $433.564 | 245.160 Langsung | -8,03% | Dilepas | 43174,4% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 2 Jan. 2015 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 8.600 | $20,26 | $174.236 | 245.160 Langsung | -3,39% | Dilepas | 43174,4% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 12 Agu 2014 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 2.446 | $18,85 | $46.107 | 110.800 Tidak Langsung | -2,16% | Dilepas | 46411,4% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 5 Agu 2014 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 2.445 | $17,66 | $43.179 | 110.800 Tidak Langsung | -2,16% | Dilepas | 49545,5% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
| 29 Juli 2014 | NVDA | S 10b5-1 | 2.446 | $17,73 | $43.368 | 110.800 Tidak Langsung | -2,16% | Dilepas | 49349,5% (harga per 2026-08-20) |
Menampilkan 100 dari 537 transaksi terakhir
P = Pembelian pasar terbuka · S = Penjualan · A = Hibah/penghargaan · B = Pelaksanaan opsi · G = Hadiah · F = Pemotongan pajak
Transaksi orang dalam bukan merupakan rekomendasi; penjualan sering kali didorong oleh alasan likuiditas atau pajak.
Kepemilikan Derivatif (Formulir 4 Tabel II)
Opsi, RSU, dan sekuritas konversi yang dilaporkan pada Formulir 4 Tabel II.
| Tanggal | Ticker | Sekuritas | Underlying | Harga Pelaksanaan | Kedaluwarsa | Saham | A/D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 Mei 2016 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (24.875) | $16,00 | 17 Sep. 2023 | 24.875 | Dilepas |
| 16 Mei 2016 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (29.850) | $12,62 | 19 Maret 2023 | 29.850 | Dilepas |
| 16 Mei 2016 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (43.750) | $13,71 | 18 Sep. 2022 | 43.750 | Dilepas |
| 16 Mei 2016 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (50.000) | $14,46 | 20 Maret 2022 | 50.000 | Dilepas |
| 16 Mei 2016 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (42.500) | $14,46 | 20 Sep. 2021 | 42.500 | Dilepas |
| 16 Mei 2016 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (42.500) | $17,62 | 18 Maret 2021 | 42.500 | Dilepas |
| 16 Mei 2016 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (47.500) | $10,56 | 14 Sep. 2020 | 47.500 | Dilepas |
| 19 Feb. 2016 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (31.976) | $18,10 | 16 Maret 2016 | 31.976 | Dilepas |
| 14 Mei 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (729) | $15,94 | 15 Sep. 2015 | 729 | Dilepas |
| 13 Mei 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (1.771) | $15,94 | 15 Sep. 2015 | 1.771 | Dilepas |
| 6 Mei 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.000) | $15,94 | 15 Sep. 2015 | 5.000 | Dilepas |
| 29 April 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.000) | $15,94 | 15 Sep. 2015 | 5.000 | Dilepas |
| 22 April 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.000) | $15,94 | 15 Sep. 2015 | 5.000 | Dilepas |
| 15 April 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.000) | $15,94 | 15 Sep. 2015 | 5.000 | Dilepas |
| 8 April 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.000) | $15,94 | 15 Sep. 2015 | 5.000 | Dilepas |
| 6 April 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (3.229) | $15,94 | 15 Sep. 2015 | 3.229 | Dilepas |
| 1 April 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (1.771) | $15,94 | 15 Sep. 2015 | 1.771 | Dilepas |
| 25 Maret 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.000) | $15,94 | 15 Sep. 2015 | 5.000 | Dilepas |
| 18 Maret 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.000) | $15,94 | 15 Sep. 2015 | 5.000 | Dilepas |
| 27 Feb. 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (10.100) | $10,20 | 17 Maret 2015 | 10.100 | Dilepas |
| 20 Feb. 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (10.000) | $10,20 | 17 Maret 2015 | 10.000 | Dilepas |
| 13 Feb. 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (10.000) | $10,20 | 17 Maret 2015 | 10.000 | Dilepas |
| 6 Feb. 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (10.000) | $10,20 | 17 Maret 2015 | 10.000 | Dilepas |
| 4 Feb. 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (10.000) | $10,20 | 17 Maret 2015 | 10.000 | Dilepas |
| 23 Jan. 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (10.000) | $10,20 | 17 Maret 2015 | 10.000 | Dilepas |
| 21 Jan. 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (21.400) | $10,20 | 17 Maret 2015 | 21.400 | Dilepas |
| 2 Jan. 2015 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (8.600) | $10,20 | 17 Maret 2015 | 8.600 | Dilepas |
| 12 Agu 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.446) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.446 | Dilepas |
| 5 Agu 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.445) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.445 | Dilepas |
| 29 Juli 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.446) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.446 | Dilepas |
| 22 Juli 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.445) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.445 | Dilepas |
| 15 Juli 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.446) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.446 | Dilepas |
| 8 Juli 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.445) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.445 | Dilepas |
| 1 Juli 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.446) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.446 | Dilepas |
| 24 Juni 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.445) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.445 | Dilepas |
| 17 Juni 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.446) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.446 | Dilepas |
| 10 Juni 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.445) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.445 | Dilepas |
| 3 Juni 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.446) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.446 | Dilepas |
| 27 Mei 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.445) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.445 | Dilepas |
| 20 Mei 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.446) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.446 | Dilepas |
| 13 Mei 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.446) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.446 | Dilepas |
| 6 Mei 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.446) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.446 | Dilepas |
| 29 April 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.446) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.446 | Dilepas |
| 22 April 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.446) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.446 | Dilepas |
| 15 April 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.446) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.446 | Dilepas |
| 8 April 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.227) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.227 | Dilepas |
| 1 April 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (219) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 219 | Dilepas |
| 25 Maret 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.445) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.445 | Dilepas |
| 18 Maret 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.446) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.446 | Dilepas |
| 11 Maret 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.445) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.445 | Dilepas |
| 4 Maret 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (2.446) | $10,00 | 16 Sep. 2014 | 2.446 | Dilepas |
| 3 Maret 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (60.268) | $17,66 | 18 Maret 2014 | 60.268 | Dilepas |
| 21 Feb. 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (1.116) | $17,66 | 18 Maret 2014 | 1.116 | Dilepas |
| 20 Feb. 2014 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (1.116) | $17,66 | 18 Maret 2014 | 1.116 | Dilepas |
| 18 Sep. 2013 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (39.800) | $16,00 | 17 Sep. 2023 | 39.800 | Diakuisisi |
| 20 Maret 2013 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (39.800) | $12,62 | 19 Maret 2023 | 39.800 | Diakuisisi |
| 19 Sep. 2012 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (50.000) | $13,71 | 18 Sep. 2022 | 50.000 | Diakuisisi |
| 21 Maret 2012 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (50.000) | $14,46 | 20 Maret 2022 | 50.000 | Diakuisisi |
| 21 Sep. 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (42.500) | $14,46 | 20 Sep. 2021 | 42.500 | Diakuisisi |
| 26 April 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (3.980) | $8,47 | 16 Mei 2011 | 3.980 | Dilepas |
| 19 April 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (10.000) | $8,47 | 16 Mei 2011 | 10.000 | Dilepas |
| 12 April 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (4.260) | $8,47 | 16 Mei 2011 | 4.260 | Dilepas |
| 5 April 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (10.000) | $8,47 | 16 Mei 2011 | 10.000 | Dilepas |
| 29 Maret 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (4.260) | $8,47 | 16 Mei 2011 | 4.260 | Dilepas |
| 18 Maret 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (42.500) | $17,62 | 18 Maret 2021 | 42.500 | Diakuisisi |
| 8 Maret 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (10.000) | $8,47 | 16 Mei 2011 | 10.000 | Dilepas |
| 1 Maret 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (15.000) | $8,47 | 16 Mei 2011 | 15.000 | Dilepas |
| 22 Feb. 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (15.000) | $8,47 | 16 Mei 2011 | 15.000 | Dilepas |
| 15 Feb. 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (15.000) | $8,47 | 16 Mei 2011 | 15.000 | Dilepas |
| 8 Feb. 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (15.000) | $8,47 | 16 Mei 2011 | 15.000 | Dilepas |
| 1 Feb. 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (15.000) | $8,47 | 16 Mei 2011 | 15.000 | Dilepas |
| 25 Jan. 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (15.000) | $8,47 | 16 Mei 2011 | 15.000 | Dilepas |
| 18 Jan. 2011 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (15.000) | $8,47 | 16 Mei 2011 | 15.000 | Dilepas |
| 11 Jan. 2011 | NVDA | Director Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (10.000) | $8,47 | 16 Mei 2011 | 10.000 | Dilepas |
| 15 Sep. 2010 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (47.500) | $10,56 | 15 Sep. 2020 | 47.500 | Diakuisisi |
| 17 Maret 2010 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (37.500) | $18,10 | 17 Maret 2016 | 37.500 | Diakuisisi |
| 9 Feb. 2010 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (1.570) | $8,75 | 12 April 2010 | 1.570 | Dilepas |
| 2 Feb. 2010 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.500) | $8,75 | 12 April 2010 | 5.500 | Dilepas |
| 26 Jan. 2010 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.500) | $8,75 | 12 April 2010 | 5.500 | Dilepas |
| 19 Jan. 2010 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.500) | $8,75 | 12 April 2010 | 5.500 | Dilepas |
| 12 Jan. 2010 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.500) | $8,75 | 12 April 2010 | 5.500 | Dilepas |
| 5 Jan. 2010 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.500) | $8,75 | 12 April 2010 | 5.500 | Dilepas |
| 29 Des. 2009 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.500) | $8,75 | 12 April 2010 | 5.500 | Dilepas |
| 22 Des. 2009 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.500) | $8,75 | 12 April 2010 | 5.500 | Dilepas |
| 15 Des. 2009 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.500) | $8,75 | 12 April 2010 | 5.500 | Dilepas |
| 8 Des. 2009 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.500) | $8,75 | 12 April 2010 | 5.500 | Dilepas |
| 2 Des. 2009 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (11.000) | $8,75 | 12 April 2010 | 11.000 | Dilepas |
| 17 Nov. 2009 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.500) | $8,75 | 12 April 2010 | 5.500 | Dilepas |
| 11 Nov. 2009 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.500) | $8,75 | 12 April 2010 | 5.500 | Dilepas |
| 9 Nov. 2009 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (5.500) | $8,75 | 12 April 2010 | 5.500 | Dilepas |
| 16 Sep. 2009 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (42.500) | $15,94 | 15 Sep. 2015 | 42.500 | Diakuisisi |
| 18 Maret 2009 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (90.100) | $10,20 | 18 Maret 2015 | 90.100 | Diakuisisi |
| 17 Sep. 2008 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (56.250) | $10,00 | 17 Sep. 2014 | 56.250 | Diakuisisi |
| 19 Maret 2008 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (62.500) | $17,66 | 19 Maret 2014 | 62.500 | Diakuisisi |
| 22 Jan. 2008 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (11.430) | — | 12 April 2010 | 11.430 | Dilepas |
| 17 Okt. 2007 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock | — | 12 April 2010 | 11.430 | Dilepas |
| 19 Sep. 2007 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (54.675) | $34,36 | 19 Sep. 2013 | 54.675 | Diakuisisi |
| 7 Sep. 2007 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (222.897) | $5,54 | 31 Juli 2012 | 222.897 | Dilepas |
| 7 Sep. 2007 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (52.380) | $13,12 | 12 April 2010 | 52.380 | Dilepas |
| 7 Sep. 2007 | NVDA | Stock Option (Right to Buy) | Common Stock (35.000) | $12,71 | 16 Mei 2011 | 35.000 | Dilepas |
Menampilkan 100 dari 112 transaksi terakhir
Harga pelaksanaan/konversi kosong jika tidak berlaku (misalnya, RSU).
Kompensasi (DEF 14A)
Dicocokkan berdasarkan nama dari pernyataan proksi (DEF 14A) — verifikasi terhadap pengajuan.
| Tahun fiskal | Gaji | Bonus | Penghargaan saham | Penghargaan opsi | Insentif non-ekuitas | Perubahan Pensiun | Lainnya | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | $326.009 | — | $815.703 | $799.595 | — | — | — | $1.941.306 |
| 2009 | $300.000 | — | — | $966.125 | — | — | — | $1.266.125 |
| 2008 | $300.000 | — | — | $1.442.624 | $412.500 | — | — | $2.155.124 |
Angka-angka dari Tabel Kompensasi Ringkasan dalam pernyataan proksi perusahaan (DEF 14A). Kompensasi bukan merupakan rekomendasi.